Abstract: A computer-based methods for training a users to perform skill-based wherein a programmed computer controls the path of learning and the user controls the pace of learning, thereby enabling a novice user to gain familiarity with basic skills needed to perform the tasks. Additionally, a master mode is provided, wherein the programmed computer and user both control the path of learning, and the computer and user both control the pace of learning, thereby enabling a user having familiarity with some of the skills needed to perform the tasks. Other modes are provided as well.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention, it has been found that the oxygen analog of 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof can be formed from esters of 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid. Esters of 7-oxocephalosporanic acid can be formed by diazotization of an ester or 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid and contact of the diazo compound so formed with a hypohalous acid and a base in a water miscible organic solvent. Oxygen analogs of 7-aminocephalosporins isolated as esters are then formed by reducing the aforesaid ester to the corresponding 7.beta.-hydroxy-cephalosporanate and then forming the desired analog by introduction of a side chain via hydroxyl group modification. Oxygen analogs of 7-amino-cephalosporins are then formed by regeneration of the acid via protective group removal.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention, it has been found that the oxygen analog of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof can be formed from esters of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Esters of 7-oxocephalosporanic acid can be formed by diazotization of an ester of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and contact of the diazo compound so formed with a hypohalous acid and a base in a water miscible organic solvent. Oxygen analogs of 7-aminocephalosporins isolated as esters are then formed by reducing the aforesaid ester to the corresponding 7.beta.-hydroxy-cephalosporanate and then forming the desired analog by introduction of a side chain via hydroxyl group modification. Oxygen analogs of 7-aminocephalosporins are then formed by regeneration of the acid via protective group removal.

Abstract: Biologically active sulfur analogs of 6-aminopenicillanic acid having a nucleophile substituted in the 6- position are made by reacting a sulfenyl chloride with esters of diazopenicillanic acid. Biologically active sulfur analogs of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid having a nucleophile substituted in the 7- position are analogously made by reacting a sulfenyl chloride with esters of 7-diazocephalosporanic acid. Deacetoxycephalosporins can be formed from the corresponding analog of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and derivations thereof, by sulfoxide rearrangement of the thiazolidine ring of penicillins to the dihydrothiazine ring of cephalosporins. These nucleophile substituted sulfur analogs of penicillins and cephalosporins are new antibacterial agents and display antibacterial activity against a variety of microorganisms.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention, it has been found that carbon and oxygen analogs of 6.beta.-aminopenicillanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof can be formed from esters of 6-oxopenicillanic acid. For example, 6.beta.-phenoxyacetoxypenicillanic acid--an oxygen analog of penicillin V and 6.beta.-phenoxyacetylmethylpenicillanic acid--a carbon analog of penicillin V, may be formed from an ester of 6-oxopenicillanate. The ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid is formed by a diiospropyl carbodiimide/dimethyl sulfoxide oxidation of the corresponding ester of 6.alpha.-hydroxypenicillanic acid. The oxygen analogs are formed by reducing the ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid to the corresponding 6.beta.-hydroxypenicillanate and then forming the desired analog by acylation. The carbon analogs are formed by a Wittig reaction of the ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid with a suitable acylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane followed by saturation of the newly formed double bond and removal of the protective ester group.

Abstract: A portable cooler for use in transporting medicines or the like which must be kept at lower than room temperature includes an insulative housing containing a coolant compartment and a medicine compartment, each having its own lid, and heat sinks in the compartments thermally connected by a heat tube. Water ice, dry ice, or a chilled gel may be utilized as the coolant. The whole assembly is enclosed in a carrying case about the size and weight of a carrying case for binoculars or a camera.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention, it has been found that carbon and oxygen analogs of 6.beta.-aminopenicillanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof can be formed from esters of 6-oxopenicillanic acid. For example, 6.beta.-phenoxyacetoxy-penicillanic acid--an oxygen analog of penicillin V and 6.beta.-phenoxyacetylmethylpenicillanic acid--a carbon analog of penicillin V, may be formed from an ester of 6-oxopenicillanate. The ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid is formed by a diiospropyl carbodiimide/dimethyl sulfoxide oxidation of the corresponding ester of 6.alpha.-hydroxypenicillanic acid. The oxygen analogs are formed by reducing the ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid to the corresponding 6.beta.-hydroxypenicillanate and then forming the desired analog by acylation. The carbon analogs are formed by a Wittig reaction of the ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid with a suitable acylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane followed by saturation of the newly formed double bond and removal of the protective ester group.

Abstract: Biologically active sulfur analogs of 6-aminopenicillanic acid having a nucleophile substituted in the 6-position are made by reacting a sulfenyl chloride with esters of diazopenicillanic acid. Biologically active sulfur analogs of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid having a nucleophile substituted in the 7-position are analogously made by reacting a sulfenyl chloride with esters of 7-diazocephalosporanic acid. Deacetoxycephalosporins can be formed from the corresponding analog of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and derivations thereof, by sulfoxide rearrangement of the thiazolidine ring of penicillins to the dihydrothiazine ring of cephalosporins. These nucleophile substituted sulfur analogs of penicillins and cephalosporins are new antibacterial agents and display antibacterial activity against a variety of microorganisms.

Abstract: In accordance with this invention, it has been found that carbon and oxygen analogs of 6.beta.-aminopenicillanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof can be formed from esters of 6-oxopenicillanic acid. For example, 6.beta.-phenoxyacetoxypenicillanic acid -- an oxygen analog of penicillin V and 6.beta.-phenoxyacetylmethylpenicillanic acid -- a carbon analog of penicillin V, may be formed from an ester of 6-oxopenicillanate. The ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid is formed by a diiospropyl carbodiimide/dimethyl sulfoxide oxidation of the corresponding ester of 6.alpha.-hydroxypenicillanic acid. The oxygen analogs are formed by reducing the ester of 6-oxopenicillanic acid to the corresponding 6.beta.-hydroxypenicillanate and then forming the desired analog by acylation.

Abstract: Sulfur analogs of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof are formed in a photochemical reaction of the esters of 6-diazopenicillanic acid with thiol compounds. Sulfur analogs of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid and biologically active derivatives thereof may be analogously formed in a photochemical reaction of the esters of 7-diazocephalosporanic acid with thiol compounds, or preferably, are formed from the corresponding sulfur analogs of 6-aminopenicillanic acid and derivatives thereof, through sulfoxide rearrangement of the thiazolidine ring of penicillins to the dihydrothiazine ring system of cephalosporins. These sulfur analogs of penicillins and cephalosporins are new antibacterial agents and display antibacterial activity against a wide variety of organisms.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new, biologically active material conforming to the formula ##SPC1##The material is formed by a process comprising displacement of the thiazolidine ring in Pencillin V and formation of the cephem system.