Abstract: The present application is directed to a method of introducing one or more gases into a liquid that includes introducing a feed liquid into at least one vessel, injecting one or more non-CO2 gases and, optionally, CO2 gas into the feed liquid in the at least one vessel to obtain an effervescent liquid, filling one or more containers with the effervescent liquid, and sealing the one or more containers to obtain a packaged beverage, wherein the packaged beverage has less than 4.0 standard volume of CO2 dissolved per volume of liquid, and wherein the packaged beverage has between 0.01 and 1 standard volume of one or more non-CO2 gases dissolved per volume of liquid. Also, associated systems, devices, and beverages are disclosed.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for conversion and upgrading of biomass to products. The process involves converting the biomass to primary lignin-derivatives and primary cellulose/hemicellulose derivatives, catalytically treating the primary lignin-derivatives to produce secondary lignin-derived products, and treating the primary cellulose/hemicellulose- derivatives to produce secondary cellulose/hemicellulose-derived products.