Abstract: A manufacturing method includes a process of once heating a liquid crystal material to a temperature at which an isotropic phase appears therein and then cooling the liquid crystal material, the liquid crystal material being a ferroelectric liquid crystal or antiferroelectric liquid crystal, to be performed under an applied AC electric field which generates an electroclinic effect in a temperature range of from a temperature 20.degree. C. above a phase transition temperature at which a transition in phase occurs from a smectic A phase to a chiral smectic C phase to a temperature 20.degree. C. below the phase transition temperature.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device comprises a layer of a ferroelectric liquid crystal material contained between two cell walls carrying electrode structures and a surface alignment treatment. The surface alignment is provided by a profiled surface, e.g., a grating, on at least one cell wall. The grating may be a monograting or a bigrating, with a symmetric or asymmetric profile. Such a profiling enables surface tilt and alignment anchoring energy to be independently arranged to suit liquid crystal material and device type to give a required molecular arrangement and low device defect. The grating may be provided by interferography, photolithography, embossing, ruling, or carrier layer transfer. Alignment directions on the cell walls may be parallel or non-parallel. The surface tilt on both cell walls may be the same or different values. The cell walls may be relatively rigid, e.g., glass slides, or flexible, e.g.

Abstract: Liquid crystal compounds have been synthesized of general formula (I) and may be mixed with other liquid crystal compounds to give useful liquid crystal mixtures which may then be used in liquid crystal devices. Such devices include linear and non-linear electrical, optical and electro-optical devices, magneto-optical devices and devices providing responses to stimuli such as temperature changes and total or partial pressure changes. Formula (I) where each Z.sub.1-6 is given by formula (II), where Y for each of Z.sub.1-6 is independently COO, OCO, CH.sub.2 O and OCH.sub.2, m defines the number of substituents on each of Z.sub.1-6 and is independently 0-5,and X is independently for each substituent on each of Z.sub.1-6 alkyl (straight chain, branched and chiral), alkoxy (straight chain, branched or chiral), alkanoyl (straight chain, branched or chiral), alkenyl (straight chain, branched or chiral), halogen, halogenoalkyl (straight chain, branched or chiral) and CN, provided that at least one of Z.sub.

Abstract: The apparatus is primarily intended for use in loading and unloading retort baskets in a cannery where several layers of cans are required to be transported in these baskets according to the factory layout. A system of conveyor belts feeds the cans to or from a position close by the basket loading/unloading station and the cans are transferred by contact with a magnetic pick-up element of the same widthwise dimensions as the basket, which picks up each layer of cans in turn. When the basket is being loaded, a collating barrier is used to form the cans of each layer into approximately the formation required to fit into the basket.