Abstract: A surgical instrument, has an end effector that includes an ultrasonic blade, and a clamp arm that moves relative to the ultrasonic blade from an opened position toward an intermediate position and a closed position. The clamp arm is offset from the ultrasonic blade to define a predetermined gap in the intermediate position between the opened position and the closed position. A clamp arm actuator connects to the clamp arm and moves from an opened configuration to a closed configuration to direct the clamp arm from the opened position toward the intermediate position and the closed position. A spacer connects with the clamp arm to inhibit movement of the clamp arm from the intermediate position toward the closed position for maintaining the predetermined gap between the clamp arm and the ultrasonic blade.

Abstract: A light-weight unitary window assembly for recreational vehicles and trailers. The window assembly uses a two piece design that seats within the wall or door opening and incorporates a fixed window pane integrally molded into one of the polymer frame halves. The window assembly also uses a plurality of weep holes that extend through the frame halves to vacate water from the window assembly to the exterior of the vehicle or trailer wall. In an exemplary embodiment, the window assembly also includes a sliding window pane that slides along a peripheral track and securely seats in a closed position using a plurality of contact pads to prevent window “chatter.” The window assembly also includes an integrated latch mechanism to secure the sliding pane.

Abstract: A light-weight unitary window assembly for recreational vehicles and trailers. The window assembly uses a two piece design that seats within the wall or door opening and incorporates a fixed window pane integrally molded into one of the polymer frame halves. The window assembly also uses a plurality of weep holes that extend through the frame halves to vacate water from the window assembly to the exterior of the vehicle or trailer wall. In an exemplary embodiment, the window assembly also includes a sliding window pane that slides along a peripheral track and securely seats in a closed position using a plurality of contact pads to prevent window “chatter.” The window assembly also includes an integrated latch mechanism to secure the sliding pane.

Abstract: A light-weight unitary window assembly for recreational vehicles and trailers. The window assembly uses a two piece design that seats within the wall or door opening and incorporates a fixed window pane integrally molded into one of the polymer frame halves. The window assembly also uses a plurality of weep holes that extend through the frame halves to vacate water from the window assembly to the exterior of the vehicle or trailer wall. In an exemplary embodiment, the window assembly also includes a sliding window pane that slides along a peripheral track and securely seats in a closed position using a plurality of contact pads to prevent window “chatter.” The window assembly also includes an integrated latch mechanism to secure the sliding pane.

Abstract: The window assembly uses a releasable press fit frame connection. The window assembly includes a window pane sandwiched between a pair of frame halves that are press fit together by the engagement of a plurality of corresponding male and female connectors integrally formed into the frame halves. The corresponding male and female connectors are spaced apart around the perimeter of frame halves and hold the window assembly within the window openings cut in the wall or door panels. The window assembly of this invention also includes a release key that allows the frame halves to be taken apart. The release key is manually inserted through thin slots formed in the frame halves to disengage the connection between corresponding male connectors and female connectors.

Abstract: The window assembly uses a releasable press fit frame connection. The window assembly includes a window pane sandwiched between a pair of frame halves that are press fit together by the engagement of a plurality of corresponding male and female connectors integrally formed into the frame halves. The corresponding male and female connectors are spaced apart around the perimeter of frame halves and hold the window assembly within the window openings cut in the wall or door panels. The window assembly of this invention also includes a release key that allows the frame halves to be taken apart. The release key is manually inserted through thin slots formed in the frame halves to disengage the connection between corresponding male connectors and female connectors.

Abstract: A fluid management apparatus and method, the apparatus including: a fluid conduit for the passage of a dispersion containing particulate matter; a laser arranged to provide laser light inside the fluid conduit; wherein, in use, the laser light heats the particulate matter sufficiently to generate incandescence; one or more sensors for detecting the incandescence of the particulate matter so as to determine a characteristic of the dispersion; and an electromagnetic wave generator operable to provide electromagnetic waves inside the fluid conduit at a position downstream of the laser light so as to vaporize at least a portion of the dispersion.

Abstract: A fluid management apparatus and method, the apparatus including: a fluid conduit for the passage of a dispersion containing particulate matter; a laser arranged to provide laser light inside the fluid conduit; wherein, in use, the laser light heats the particulate matter sufficiently to generate incandescence; one or more sensors for detecting the incandescence of the particulate matter so as to determine a characteristic of the dispersion; and an electromagnetic wave generator operable to provide electromagnetic waves inside the fluid conduit at a position downstream of the laser light so as to vaporise at least a portion of the dispersion.

Abstract: Continuous engine monitoring with regard to gas turbine engines is difficult particularly when the engine is utilized for propulsion of an aircraft. Nevertheless, by use of transfer passages 4 to an arrangement located within the tail cone 9 of an engine, it is possible through a transparent test cell 6 and appropriate heating to generate sufficient infra red radiation as well as incandescent visible light for detectors 11, 16 to determine various constituent parts of the gas flow. Thus a photo detector 11 can provide through electrical signals, the proportion of soot/smoke particles in the gas flow through their incandescence, whilst use of filters 17 for particular spectral lines in an infra red radiation spectrum will allow detectors 16 to provide an indication through an electrical signal the proportion and presence of other constituents such as NO, CO and unburnt hydrocarbons in an exhaust gas flow.

Abstract: A method for determining the total mass flow through an engine (10) comprises measuring (32) the fuel flow to the engine (10) and measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gases exhausted (22) from the engine (10). The concentration of carbon dioxide is measured by detecting the infrared radiation absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide using a laser (38) and a detector (46). The method comprises determining (48) the air to fuel ratio in the engine (10) from the fuel flow and the concentration of carbon dioxide. The method comprises determining (48) the air mass flow through the engine (10) from the air to fuel ratio and calculating (48) the total air and fuel mass flow through the engine (10) by adding the air mass flow through the engine (10) to the fuel mass flow to the engine (10).

Abstract: A method for determining the total mass flow through an engine (10) comprises measuring (32) the fuel flow to the engine (10) and measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the gases exhausted (22) from the engine (10). The concentration of carbon dioxide is measured by detecting the infrared radiation absorption spectrum of carbon dioxide using a laser (38) and a detector (46). The method comprises determining (48) the air to fuel ratio in the engine (10) from the fuel flow and the concentration of carbon dioxide. The method comprises determining (48) the air mass flow through the engine (10) from the air to fuel ratio and calculating (48) the total air and fuel mass flow through the engine (10) by adding the air mass flow through the engine (10) to the fuel mass flow to the engine (10).

Abstract: A non-obstructive fluid diagnostic technique is described which enables the measurement of different parameters in a fluid. The diagnostic technique includes the steps of focusing a laser (10) in a fluid volume (14) to generate a laser induced breakdown spark (15). The characteristics of the initial laser induced breakdown spark (15) are measured and compared to the characteristics of a delayed image of the spark, formed by light emission due to recombination and excited molecules and ions generated by the laser induced spark (15). The differences between the initial and delayed images being used to diagnose characteristics of the fluid, such as velocity, temperature and pressure.