Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 5 metal selected from niobium, tantalum and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer, the liquid mixture comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal hydroxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm.

Abstract: Process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer, the liquid mixture comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm.

Abstract: A multi-layer device comprising a first substrate and a first electrically conductive layer on a surface thereof, the first electrically conductive layer having a sheet resistance to the flow of electrical current through the first electrically conductive layer that varies as a function of position.

Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 4 metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 6 metal selected from molybdenum, tungsten and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Multi-layer electrochromic structures comprising an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the anodic electrochromic layer comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 6 metal selected from molybdenum, tungsten and a combination thereof, wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel, molybdenum, and tungsten in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least 0.4:1, respectively, (ii) the atomic ratio of the combined amount of molybdenum and tungsten to the combined amount of nickel, molybdenum and tungsten in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least about 0.025:1, respectively, and (iii) the anodic electrochromic layer exhibits an interplanar distance (d-spacing) of at least 2.5 ? as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), comprises at least 0.05 wt. % carbon, and/or has a coloration efficiency absolute value of at least 19 cm2/C.

Abstract: Multi-layer electrochromic structures comprising an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the anodic electrochromic layer comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 4 metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and a combination thereof, wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and such Group 4 metal(s) in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least 0.4:1, respectively, (ii) the atomic ratio of the amount of such Group 4 metal(s) to the combined amount of nickel and such Group 4 metal(s) in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least about 0.025:1, respectively, and (iii) the anodic electrochromic layer exhibits an interplanar distance (d-spacing) of at least 2.5 ? as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), comprises at least 0.05 wt. % carbon, and/or has a coloration efficiency absolute value of at least 19 cm2/C.

Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 4 metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Process for preparing a multi-layer electrochromic structure comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a substrate and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithium nickel oxide composition, the anodic electrochromic layer comprising lithium, nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) wherein in the film (i) the ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) is at least 0.4:1, (ii) the ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element(s) to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least about 0.025:1, and (iii) the bleached state stabilizing element(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Multi-layer electrochromic structures comprising an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the anodic electrochromic layer comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 5 metal selected from niobium, tantalum and a combination thereof, wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel, niobium and tantalum in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least 0.4:1, respectively, (ii) the atomic ratio of the combined amount of niobium and tantalum to the combined amount of nickel, niobium and tantalum in the anodic electrochromic layer is at least about 0.025:1, respectively, and (iii) the anodic electrochromic layer exhibits an interplanar distance (d-spacing) of at least 2.5 ? as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), comprises at least 0.05 wt. % carbon, and/or has a coloration efficiency absolute value of at least 19 cm2/C.

Abstract: Process for preparing a multi-layer electrochromic structure comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a substrate and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a lithium nickel oxide composition, the anodic electrochromic layer comprising lithium, nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) wherein in the film (i) the ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) is at least 0.4:1, (ii) the ratio of the combined amount of the bleached state stabilizing element(s) to the combined amount of nickel and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least about 0.025:1, and (iii) the bleached state stabilizing element(s) is/are selected from the group consisting of Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, Sb and combinations thereof.

Abstract: Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 5 metal selected from niobium, tantalum and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Compositions are disclosed having the formula (3): [C?]k[Ta(O2)x(L?)y]??(3), wherein x is an integer of 1 to 4, y is an integer of 1 to 4, Ta(O2)x(L?)y has a charge of 0 to ?3, C? is a counterion having a charge of +1 to +3, k is an integer of 0 to 3, L? is an oxidatively stable organic ligand having a charge of 0 to ?4, and L? comprises an electron donating functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylates, alkoxides, amines, amine oxides, phosphines, phosphine oxides, arsine oxides, and combinations thereof. The compositions have utility as high resolution photoresists.

Abstract: Compositions are disclosed having the formula (3): [C?]k[Ta(O2)x(L?)y]??(3), wherein x is an integer of 1 to 4, y is an integer of 1 to 4, Ta(O2)x(L?)y has a charge of 0 to ?3, C? is a counterion having a charge of +1 to +3, k is an integer of 0 to 3, L? is an oxidatively stable organic ligand having a charge of 0 to ?4, and L? comprises an electron donating functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxylates, alkoxides, amines, amine oxides, phosphines, phosphine oxides, arsine oxides, and combinations thereof. The compositions have utility as high resolution photoresists.

Abstract: Nanoparticles in a colloid are purified, with the colloid including a fluid, unwanted matter, and the nanoparticles to be purified. An electric field is applied that is substantially spatially uniform over a distance that is at least equal to a characteristic dimension of the nanoparticles, so that at least some of the nanoparticles move towards at least one collection surface as a result of the force arising between their electrical charge and the electric field, whereupon nanoparticles are collected on said at least one collection surface. The collection surface(s) may be one or more electrodes to which a voltage potential is applied. The collected nanoparticles are then removed from the collection surface, e.g., by dispersing them into another fluid.