Abstract: An extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV) source, including: a vessel having an inner vessel wall and an intermediate focus (IF) region; an EUV collector disposed inside the vessel, the EUV collector including a reflective surface configured to reflect EUV radiation toward the intermediate focus region, the reflective surface configured to directionally face the IF region of the vessel; a showerhead disposed along at least a portion of the inner vessel wall, the showerhead including a plurality of nozzles configured to introduce gas into the vessel; and one or more exhausts configured to remove gas introduced into the vessel, the one or more exhausts being oriented along at least a portion of the inner vessel wall so that the gas is caused to flow away from the EUV collector.

Abstract: An ice ball launcher simulates the impact of a storm-generated hailstone falling onto a test specimen or structural component exhibit such as a roofing shingle, skylight, automobile panel, aircraft fuselage panel, aircraft wing panel and the like. The launcher includes a tripod base, a rail, a sled, an ice ball holder cup, a manually operable trigger latch assembly, an elastic band and a laser beam aiming device. The ice ball launcher consistently and repeatably projects ice balls at a predetermined velocity and impact energy onto the component sample. The velocity of each ice ball is measured as it transits from the ice ball launcher to the installation mockup, verifying that the ice ball velocity is within a predetermined velocity tolerance range. The measured velocity and known mass of the ice ball are used to calculate the kinetic impact energy on the component sample material, and to determine whether the calculated impact energy is within a predetermined impact energy tolerance range.

Abstract: An ice ball launcher simulates the impact of a storm-generated hailstone falling onto a test specimen or structural component exhibit such as a roofing shingle, skylight, automobile panel, aircraft fuselage panel, aircraft wing panel and the like. The launcher includes a tripod base, a rail, a sled, an ice ball holder cup, a manually operable trigger latch assembly, an elastic band and a laser beam aiming device. The ice ball launcher consistently and repeatably projects ice balls at a predetermined velocity and impact energy onto the component sample. The velocity of each ice ball is measured as it transits from the ice ball launcher to the installation mockup, verifying that the ice ball velocity is within a predetermined velocity tolerance range. The measured velocity and known mass of the ice ball are used to calculate the kinetic impact energy on the component sample material, and to determine whether the calculated impact energy is within a predetermined impact energy tolerance range.