Abstract: The invention includes a method of reducing hydrocarbon emissions from electronic port fuel injected engines by feeding to the catalytic converter an amount effective to reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the engines of chlorine or a chlorine compound.

Abstract: The present invention is an unleaded fuel composition containing a major amount of a hydrocarbon base fuel of the gasoline boiling range containing an amount effective to reduce NO.sub.x emissions from electronic port fuel injected engines of ammonia or an ammonium compound. The invention also includes a method of reducing NO.sub.x emissions from electronic port fuel injected engines by feeding to the engine exhaust gases at a point between the outlet valves and catalytic converter an amount effective to reduce NO.sub.x emissions from the engines of ammonia or an ammonium compound.

Abstract: This process discloses a reduction in the content of ammonia in a regeneration zone off gas of a fluid catalytic cracking unit by the select recycle of certain sized ammonia decomposition catalyst particles. The ammonia decomposition may be aided by injection of NO.sub.x into the off gas. The particles are acquired from a separation means through which is passed the regeneration zone off gas. A solid-free regeneration zone off gas and a stream of solid particles, including a noble metal dispersed on an inorganic support, having a size of from 10 to 40 microns, are acquired. The latter segregated particles are then injected into the regeneration zone at a predetermined make-up rate to insure a very short residence time in the dense phase of the regeneration zone and to provide a relatively constant concentration of the NH.sub.3 decomposition catalyst in the dilute phase of the regeneration zone to convert NH.sub.3 to N.sub.2 and water vapor.

Abstract: The invention here disclosed is a novel apparatus and method for the separation of solid and fluid phases in a horizontal elongated cyclone separator with a novel inclined solid dropout continuous and uninterrupted slot in the bottom to transfer a solid phase via primary mass separation from either an upflow or a downflow reactor in the initial portion of the cyclone separator to a downcomer which may be equipped with a stripping function. The instant horizontal elongated cyclone separator is constructed to ensure an elongated helical flow path of the vapor phase with a minor portion of the catalyst particles therein from one end of the cyclone separator to a withdrawal conduit to disengage via secondary centrifical separation a minor portion of the solid phase from the fluid phase. The minor portion of the solid phase is thereafter transmitted to the stripping function by a vertical downcomer interconnecting the stripping function and the bottom of the horizontal elongated cyclone separator.

Abstract: Catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors are separated in a cyclone zone attached to the discharge of a riser cracking operation. A vortex stabilizer separating the cyclone zone from a stripping zone allows stripping gas from the stripping zone to be passed upwardly into the cyclone zone countercurrent to the downward flow of catalyst, thereby improving the separation and stripping of gaseous hydrocarbons from separated catalyst. The combined cyclone-stripping zone reduces catalyst hydrocarbon contact time, thereby improving gasoline yield and olefin content, decreasing gas make, and reducing coke deposits.

Abstract: Catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors are separated in a cyclone zone attached to the discharge of a riser cracking operation. Vortex stabilizing means separating the cyclone zone from a stripping zone allows stripping gas from said stripping zone to be passed upwardly into said cyclone zone countercurrent to the downward flow of catalyst, thereby improving the separation and stripping of gaseous hydrocarbons from separated catalyst. The combined cyclone-stripping zone reduces catalyst hydrocarbon contact time, thereby improving gasoline yield and olefin content, decreasing gas make, and reducing coke deposits.

Abstract: A process of quenching an effluent containing materials having a tendency to coke is disclosed, the process being characterized by the quenching of the effluent in a quench zone wherein heat is transferred from the effluent through at least one heat exchange tube wall, and through a solid heat transfer medium surrounding the tube and in contact with the tube, to water, the temperature of the wall being maintained above the dew point of materials having a tendency to coke partly by the provision of the solid heat transfer medium which increases gradually in thickness from a point at or near the entry of the tube to a point at or near the exit of the tube.

Abstract: A process for the transfer of heat between solids is described in which a particulate solid is allowed to fall at a substantially uniform rate through a dilute phase fluidized bed of another particulate solid.

Abstract: A method for reducing coking in quench units is disclosed, the method being characterized by removal of the coking materials from the quench liquid employed.

Abstract: A method of recovering heat energy from hydrocarbon pyrolysis effluent characterized by differentiated cooling systems, reduced coking, and high quality steam generation. Steam quality is improved by utilization of a minimum quenched effluent temperature of at least 370.degree. C.

Abstract: A retorting process for recovery of hydrocarbonaceous fluids from subdivided solid materials, specifically oil shale, is described wherein the subdivided solid material is preheated, retorted, and subjected to heat recovery after retorting, heat transfer being effected by contacting the subdivided solid material as a dilute-phase fluidized bed in a separate preheating zone with a first particulate heat carrier, and with a second particulate heat carrier in a dense fluidized bed in a retorting zone. Separate particulate heat carriers are employed in such manner that one mass of heat carrier is utilized for preheating the solid material and heat recovery, and a second mass of heat carrier is utilized for retorting of the subdivided preheated solid material.

Abstract: The producing of shale oil by mining and retorting oil shale is improved by compressing the spent shale into a mass that is capable of both fitting within the mined out volume and supporting the overburden.

Abstract: An oxygen-containing gas distribution apparatus is dicslosed which can be employed in the fluidized bed regeneraton of carbon-contaminated catalysts, such as cracking catalysts.Said apparatus comprises a plurality of gas discharge nozzles affixed to at least one manifold member substantially horizontally disposed at the lower end of the regeneration chamber, said nozzles being restricted in internal cross-sectional area in their upstream portion connected to the manifold member and expanded in the internal cross-sectional area of their downstream portion such that a) the numerical ratio of the difference between the diameter of the downstream portion and the diameter of the upstream portion divided by the length of the downstream portion taken in the direction of gas flow does not exceed 0.18 and b) the ratio of the diameter of the upstream portion to its length taken in direction of gas flow does not exceed 1.67.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for preventing gasoline vapors contained in air vented from gasoline storage tanks from entering the atmosphere, which includes a conduit to pass gasoline vapor-laden air to a bed of adsorbent for gasoline and, when the adsorbent approaches saturation, subjecting it to back-flushing, with or without heat, to an extent and for a time adequate to remove enough gasoline from the adsorbent to restore it to a regenerated condition, and incinerating the gasoline removed from the adsorbent bed.

Abstract: In fluidized bed regeneration of carbon-contaminated catalysts, such as cracking catalysts, wherein at least a portion of the oxygen-containing gas required for fluidization and burn-off of carbon deposits is introduced as a separate stream into the dense phase of the fluidized catalyst, contained in the regeneration chamber, by means of a plurality of gas discharge nozzles, affixed to at least one manifold member substantially horizontally disposed at the lower end of the regeneration chamber, catalyst attrition is reduced and backflow of catalyst particles into the nozzles is minimized by utilizing gas discharges which are restricted in internal cross-sectional area in their upstream portion connected to the manifold member and expanded in the internal cross-sectional area of their downstream portion such that (a) the numerical ratio of the difference between diameter of the downstream portion and the diameter of the upstream portion divided by the length of the downstream portion taken in the direction of