Abstract: Storage of electrical energy in an oxidation-reduction polymer material is optimized when the material is lignin and/or hydrazine is added to the material so as to facilitate bonding of the material to graphite. A preferred embodiment of the invention includes a storage device having an electron acceptor component separated from an electron donor component by a barrier which is impregnated with an electrolyte so as to electrically separate the two components while serving as an ion conduit. At least one of the layers includes an oxidation-reduction polymer material which either is lignin or is mixed with hydrazine, or both. The preferred energy storage material is a mixture of lignin, hydrazine and graphite, the latter being either added to the mixture or formed by graphitization upon heating of the lignin.

Abstract: Electrical energy is stored in a device formed of electrodes coupled with an oxidation-reduction polymer material, such as a polymer of quinone, semiquinone and hydroquinone units, when a current is supplied to the device to create a charge gradient thereacross with units at the positive end being oxidized and units at the negative end being reduced. The charge gradient across the electrical storage device is increased by arranging a plurality of electrically conductive barrier laminations made of a material preventing ion passage therethrough in the oxidation-reduction polymer material to create separated regions of reduced and oxidized functional groups producing an additive charge gradient.