Abstract: A method for atomizing a fluid wherein a gas is heated with the heating facilitating the acceleration of the gas to a high velocity. The accelerated gas contacts the fluid transferring shear, pressure and inertial forces and heat to the fluid effecting efficient atomization of the fluid.

Abstract: The invention comprises a reactor having a source of a first hot reactant gas, a mixing chamber in which said first hot reactant gas mixes with a second reactant gas to form a reactant gas mixture, but wherein substantially no reaction takes place and a reaction zone wherein said mixture undergoes vapor phase reaction. A process for using the reactor is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for establishing one or more coherent jets from a lance wherein liquid fuel is provided into a recession on the lance face along with motive gas, and is used to generate a flame shroud to maintain jet coherency.

Abstract: A system for combusting difficult to combust fluid such as waste fluid wherein fuel and gaseous oxidant combust in a hot combustion gas chamber to form a hot combustion gas mixture which is accelerated to a high speed and at a steady, i.e. non-pulsing, flow is then used to atomize and then combust the fluid.

Abstract: A metal refining method particularly useful with a basic oxygen steelmaking process, wherein during an initial period, refining oxygen is provided into the furnace headspace surrounded by a shroud comprising oxygen and inert gas, and during a subsequent period refining oxygen is provided into the furnace headspace surrounded by a flame shroud.

Abstract: A method for atomizing a fluid wherein a gas is heated with the heating facilitating the acceleration of the gas to a high velocity. The accelerated gas contacts the fluid transferring shear, pressure and inertial forces and heat to the fluid effecting efficient atomization of the fluid.

Abstract: A system for establishing and maintaining a supersonic coherent gas jet, effective with either an oxidizing or an inert gas, employing a converging/diverging nozzle for establishment of a non-disruptive initial supersonic velocity, and a slower moving defined triple layered flame envelope coaxial with the jet for effective maintenance of the supersonic velocity. The invention is particularly useful for providing gas into a pool of liquid.

Abstract: A lance which may be used to generate a longer coherent gas jet having inflowing and outflowing coolant fluid passages which are in flow communication and which straddle the flame envelope fluid passages, all of which are coaxial with the main passageway.

Abstract: A system for combusting difficult to combust fluid such as waste fluid wherein fuel and gaseous oxidant combust in a hot combustion gas chamber to form a hot combustion gas mixture which is accelerated to a high speed and at a steady, i.e. non-pulsing, flow is then used to atomize and then combust the fluid.

Abstract: An arrangement wherein a coherent jet is established proximate to a powder injection system and the coherent jet not only provides for gas delivery but also serves to improve the efficiency of the delivery of powder from the powder injection system.

Abstract: A system for providing gases into an injection volume in one or more coherent gas jets proximate to one or more turbulent gas jets wherein a coherent gas jet is formed in a forming volume with a flame envelope prior to passage into the injection volume into which the turbulent gas jets are directly passed.

Abstract: A system for establishing and maintaining a supersonic coherent gas jet, effective with either an oxidizing or an inert gas, employing a converging/diverging nozzle for establishment of a non-disruptive initial supersonic velocity, and a slower moving defined triple layered flame envelope coaxial with the jet for effective maintenance of the supersonic velocity. The invention is particularly useful for providing gas into a pool of liquid.

Abstract: A system for establishing a plurality of coherent gas jets proximate one another using a single lance wherein plurality of gas jets are ejected from a corresponding plurality of nozzles in a lance and a flame envelope is established around the plurality of gas jets, and the jets remain distinct and do not coalesce for their length.

Abstract: A method for changing the length of a coherent jet by establishing a coherent jet using a flame envelope generated using gaseous fuel and changing the flowrate of the gaseous fuel, preferably using inert gas for make up to maintain a constant total flowrate of fuel and inert gas.

Abstract: A system for establishing a single coherent gas jet from a plurality of initial gas jets ejected from a single lance wherein the initial gas jets are themselves coherent, are angled inward, and are surrounded by a flame envelope. The initial coherent gas jets merge to form a single coherent jet and the gases of the initial gas jets do not substantially interact within this single coherent jet for the length of the resulting single coherent gas jet.

Abstract: A method for providing main gas into a pool of molten metal, which is particularly useful for use in an electric arc furnace. The method employs combustion of secondary oxygen with fuel to form a flame envelope around a main gas stream which protects the main gas from entrainment of ambient gases as it passes through the headspace of the furnace. This enables the gas to retain to a substantial degree its original force upon injection into the headspace and thus may be injected into the furnace at a safe distance from the molten metal surface while still achieving substantially complete penetration into the molten metal.

Abstract: A lance which may be used to establish a long coherent gas jet which includes a primary passageway having a converging/diverging nozzle, and two radially spaced secondary passageways for establishing a flame barrier, each of the passageways communicating with an injection space defined by a protective jacket.

Abstract: A method for providing main gas into a pool of molten metal, which is particularly useful for use in an electric arc furnace. The method employs combustion of secondary oxygen with fuel to form a flame envelope around a main gas stream which protects the main gas from entrainment of ambient gases as it passes through the headspace of the furnace. This enables the gas to retain to a substantial degree its original force upon injection into the headspace and thus may be injected into the furnace at a safe distance from the molten metal surface while still achieving substantially complete penetration into the molten metal.

Abstract: A system for producing a coherent jet of gas wherein a flame envelope is established around a gas jet and directed toward the center axis of the gas jet.

Abstract: A method for introducing gas into a liquid wherein a gas stream is ejected from a lance spaced above the liquid surface and directed from the lance onto the liquid surface. The gas retains substantially all its original jet axis velocity when it contacts the liquid surface, and substantially all of the gas penetrates the liquid surface and is introduced into the liquid. Preferably the gas stream is surrounded by a flame envelope running from the lance to the liquid surface, which shields the gas from ambient gas entrainment. The gas stream preferably forms a gas cavity within the liquid having a diameter substantially the same as the diameter of the gas stream as it is ejected from the lance.