Abstract: Bubbles of uniform diameter of 0.5 to 4 cm of gas such as helium are formed and pass into liquid such as molten glass by accumulating a sufficient volume of gas through a flow restriction into a space upstream of the point of injection at a controlled flow rate.

Abstract: The maximum useful rate of aluminum refining is increased by baffle means positioned across the refining chamber under the rotor of a spinning nozzle in the refining chamber, with open spaces to facilitate cleaning being provided in the vicinity of the side wall of the refining chamber.

Abstract: The rotor drive of an aluminum refining system is operated under constant current, rather than at constant rotor speed. As a result, smooth, stable refining operations are conveniently achieved in commercial practice.

Abstract: The maximum useful rate of aluminum refining is substantially increased by the incorporation of baffle means across the refining chamber under the rotor of a spinning nozzle assembly positioned in the refining chamber during aluminum refining operations.

Abstract: The maximum useful rate of aluminum refining is substantially increased by the incorporation of baffle means across the refining chamber under the rotor of a spinning nozzle assembly positioned in the refining chamber during aluminum refining operations.

Abstract: A support plate, together with the shell of an aluminum holding and/or refining vessel, in combination with a refractory sheet positioned on the inner wall of a graphite block in which a heating element assembly is positioned, is used to hold and seal the heating assembly against exposure to air, without the need for enclosing the heating elements in a metal heating element container.

Abstract: The threaded connection between a graphite shaft and a metal shaft, such as is used to drive a rotating nozzle in the refining of aluminum, is strengthened by coating the graphite surface that contact the flange portion of the metal shaft prior to the fastening of the shafts together. The coating comprises solid material bonded to the graphite surface to form a hard, adherent coating deposited by coating the graphite surface with a solution or colloidal dispersion of the material and drying said solution or colloidal dispersion to leave the solid material bonded to the graphite surface. The coating of the graphite shaft serves to greatly strengthen the threaded connection and the ability of the connection to transmit driving torque from the metal shaft to the graphite shaft.

Abstract: The incorporation of a small amount of metal fluoride or fluosilicate into the refractory fibrous insulating board lining of an aluminum refining vessel prevents the infiltration of the internal voids of said lining by molten aluminum.

Abstract: A refractory sheet member is positioned in a cut-out portion of graphite side and end plates of an aluminum holding and refining vessel to create an effective barrier to the flow of molten aluminum through the channel formed upon the pulling of the plates apart when the vessel is heated to operating temperature.

Abstract: An aluminum refining vessel has two refining stages positioned side-by-side, with flow of molten aluminum into and out of the vessel being from the same side thereof. The vessel is readily adaptable for the reversal of flow therethrough, and for ease of installation, operation and maintenance.

Abstract: A support plate is used, together with the shell of a vessel for the holding and/or refining of aluminum, in combination with a refractory sheet and a metal heating element container positioned in a graphite block to protect said heating element and to thus extend the life of said heating element. Oxidation of the graphite block is precluded, as is the attack upon the heating element by chlorides passing through the pores of said graphite block.

Abstract: The threaded connection between a graphite shaft and a metal shaft, such as is used to drive a rotating nozzle in the refining of aluminum, is strengthened by coating the graphite surface that contact the flange portion of the metal shaft prior to the fastening of said shafts together. The coating of said graphite shaft serves to greatly strengthen the threaded connection and the ability of said connection to transmit driving torque from the metal shaft to the graphite shaft.

Abstract: A probe for measuring hydrogen in aluminum melts includes straight inner and outer tubes, the latter having upper and lower plugs and a ceramic fiber sleeve in contact with said upper plug, a straight, ceramic blanketed third tube surrounding said plugs and preventing melt from passing therethrough.

Abstract: In an apparatus for refining molten metal comprising, in combination:(a) a vessel having an inlet zone and an outlet zone; at least two refining compartments in between, connected in series, separated by baffles, and positioned in such a manner that the first refining compartment in the series is adjacent and connected to the inlet zone and the last refining compartment in the series is adjacent and connected to the outlet zone; and dross removal means; and(b) one rotating gas distributing device disposed at about the center of each refining compartment, said device comprising a shaft having drive means at its upper end and a rotor fixedly attached to its lower end, the upper end being positioned in the top section of the compartment and the lower end being positioned in the bottom section of the compartment,the improvement comprising:1.

Abstract: In a molten metal sampling device having a porous filter connected by a conduit to a reservoir in such a manner that molten metal can be drawn, by vacuum, down into the filter and then to the reservoir, a removable seat for the filter, a stopper rod to prevent the flow of metal until the optimum moment, and an insulated, inert lining for the unsubmerged parts, which is permeable to generated gases, are provided.

Abstract: Apparatus for refining molten metal comprising a vessel, a rotor, and a stator having a graphite/metal joint above the vessel cover wherein said joint is provided with cooling passages and wherein cross-sectional and distance relationship are established between parts of the joint, the joint and the cover, and the cooling passages and the cover.

Abstract: In an apparatus for refining molten metal comprising a vessel having an inlet compartment; first and second refining compartments, each having a rotating gas distributing device disposed therein; and an exit compartment, the improvement comprising providing an exit tube wherein (i) the top wall slants downward from inlet end to outlet end at an angle of about 5 to about 15 degrees from the horizontal and (ii) the ends of the exit tube are about flush with the baffle and the wall dividing the first refining compartment and the exit compartment.

Abstract: In an apparatus for refining molten metal comprising, in combination:(a) a vessel;(b) inlet and outlet means for molten metal and gases; and(c) at least one rotating gas distributing means disposed in said vessel, said gas distributing means comprising (i) a rotatable shaft coupled to drive means at its upper end and fixedly attached to a vaned circular rotor at its lower end; (ii) a hollow stationary sleeve surrounding said shaft and fixedly attached at its lower end to a hollow circular stator; (iii) an axially extending passageway for conveying and discharging gas into the clearance between the rotor and stator, said passageway being defined by the inner surface of the sleeve and stator and the outer surface of the shaft; and (iv) means for providing gas to the upper end of the passageway under sufficient pressure to be injected into the vessel,the improvement comprising utilizing, in the combination, a smooth outer surface construction for the stator and a ratio of the diameter of the stator to the root d

Abstract: In a threaded connection to be loaded in an axial direction, said connection comprising two pieces (i) having coincidental axes and (ii) having different coefficients of thermal linear expansion wherein one piece is a threaded male piece and the other piece is a threaded female piece,the improvement comprising providing, at ambient temperature, a taper such that the change in radial clearance per unit of length between the opposing threads of each piece is equal to the expression A.DELTA.T tan .theta. wherein:A = the difference in the coefficients of thermal linear expansion of the materials of which each piece is comprised, in the axial direction;.DELTA.T = the operating temperature of the connection minus ambient temperature; and.theta.= the acute angle formed by the loaded face of the thread of either piece with the axes,said radial clearance increasing in the direction of the loading of the piece having the higher coefficient of thermal linear expansion.

Abstract: Apparatus capable of producing pellets of compacted refuse having a density of at least 20 lbs./ft..sup.3 comprising:(1) a cylindrical tube having a compacted chamber whose length is shorter than the shortest "critical length" for the refuse to be pelletized, with a feed port in the side wall of the tube and a discharge port at the end of the tube,(2) a feed hopper communicating with the inlet port of the tube,(3) a reciprocating ram in the inlet end of the tube capable of exerting a pressure of at least 200 psi on each forward stroke, and(4) a refuse flow restrictor in the tube in which the degree of restriction is controlled in response to changes in the ram pressure required to advance the compacted refuse down the tube.