Abstract: Various aspects of a generator, ultrasonic device, and method for estimating a state of an end effector of an ultrasonic device are disclosed. The ultrasonic device includes an electromechanical ultrasonic system defined by a predetermined resonant frequency, including an ultrasonic transducer coupled to an ultrasonic blade. A control circuit measures a complex impedance of an ultrasonic transducer, wherein the complex impedance is defined as Zg(t)=Vg(t)/Ig(t). The control circuit receives a complex impedance measurement data point and compares the complex impedance measurement data point to a data point in a reference complex impedance characteristic pattern. The control circuit then classifies the complex impedance measurement data point based on a result of the comparison analysis and assigns a state or condition of the end effector based on the result of the comparison analysis.

Abstract: Various aspects of a generator, ultrasonic device, and method for estimating a state of an end effector of an ultrasonic device are disclosed. The ultrasonic device includes an electromechanical ultrasonic system defined by a predetermined resonant frequency, including an ultrasonic transducer coupled to an ultrasonic blade. A control circuit measures a complex impedance of an ultrasonic transducer, wherein the complex impedance is defined as Z g ( t ) = V g ( t ) I g ( t ) . The control circuit receives a complex impedance measurement data point and compares the complex impedance measurement data point to a data point in a reference complex impedance characteristic pattern. The control circuit then classifies the complex impedance measurement data point based on a result of the comparison analysis and assigns a state or condition of the end effector based on the result of the comparison analysis.

Abstract: The invention relates to esters of pyroglutamic acid, their synthesis and their use in products for topical application to human skin as precursors of pyroglutamic acid.

Abstract: Esters of pyroglutamic acid having the structure: ##STR1## where R' and R" are the same or different and are each represented by H or the groupingCH.sub.3 [(CH.sub.2).sub.w (CHCH.sub.3).sub.x (CHOH).sub.y (CH.dbd.CH).sub.z ]--wheren is an integer of from 1 to 3w is zero, or an integer of from 1 to 21x is zero, or an integer of from 1 to 4y is zero, or an integer of from 1 to 2z is zero, or an integer of from 1 to 4provided that the total number of carbon atoms in each of said grouping will not exceed 22;and provided also that when the subgrouping (CH.dbd.CH) is present, then the total number of carbon atoms in said grouping will be from 16 to 22. Synthesis, and uses of the said esters in topical compositions are also provided.

Abstract: A cosmetically acceptable aqueous composition for topical application to human skin to provide skin benefit comprises an hydroxylated C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 carboxylic acid and a cosmetically acceptable vehicle other than water.