Abstract: The present disclosure provides recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) virions with altered capsid protein, where the recombinant AAV (rAAV) virions exhibit greater ability to cross barriers between intravitreal fluid and retinal cells, and thus greater infectivity of a retinal cell compared to wild-type AAV, and where the rAAV virions comprise a heterologous nucleic acid. The present disclosure provides methods of delivering a gene product to a retinal cell in an individual.

Abstract: A standoff device for positioning a ladder with respect to a supporting structure which is temporarily and rigidly attached to the upper end of a ladder for the purpose of holding the ladder away from the structure against which the ladder is leaning to provide more stability and means to provide a comfortable distance between the user and the structure during tasks such as painting, power washing house frame and sidings, and for the installation and cleaning of gutters, for carpentry, roofing, tree trimming and pruning. The standoff comprises a pivotal frame which is moveably and adjustably secured to a selected rung of the ladder with the pivotal movement limited by chain, rope, strap, strut, telescoping member, or other holding means attached to a lower portion of the ladder such as a lower rung. The standoff device includes a frame having extendable legs having padded rollers journal led on the end thereof which contact the structure.