Abstract: A catalyst prepared by the steps which comprise: (a) adding to an asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous oil charge stock a heteropoly acid and a sulfide or a salt of a metal selected from Group IV through Group VIII and mixtures thereof and water; (b) converting the heteropoly acid and metal within the charge stock by heating the oil to a temperature from about 120.degree. F. (43.degree. C.) to about 500.degree. F. (260.degree. C.) to produce at least one organometallic compound within the charge stock; and (c) converting the organometallic compound within the charge stock under hydroconversion conditions including a temperature from about 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.) to about 1000.degree. F. (538.degree. C.), a hydrogen partial pressure from about 500 psig (3448 kPa gauge) to about 5000 psig (34475 kPa gauge), and a space velocity from about 0.1 to about 10 volumes of oil feed per hour per volume of reactor to produce the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst prepared by the steps which comprise: (a) adding to an asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous oil charge stock a metal compound, a heteropoly acid and water; (b) converting the metal compound and heteropoly acid within the charge stock by heating the oil to a temperature from about 120.degree. F. (43.degree. C.) to about 500.degree. F. (260.degree. C.) to produce at least one organometallic compound within the charge stock; and (c) converting the organometallic compound within the charge stock under hydroconversion conditions to produce the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst prepared by the steps which comprise: (a) adding to an asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous oil charge stock a metal compound, a heteropoly acid and water; (b) converting the metal compound and heteropoly acid within the charge stock by heating the oil to a temperature from about 120.degree. F. (43.degree. C.) to about 500.degree. F. (260.degree. C.) to produce at least one organometallic compound within the charge stock; and (c) converting the organometallic compound within the charge stock under hydroconversion conditions to produce the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst prepared by the steps which comprise: (a) adding to an asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous oil charge stock an oil-insoluble metal compound and water; (b) converting the oil-insoluble metal compound within the charge stock by heating the oil to a temperature from about 120.degree. F. (43.degree. C.) to about 500.degree. F. (260.degree. C.) to produce an organometallic compound within the charge stock; and (c) converting the organometallic compound within the charge stock under hydroconversion conditions to produce the catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst prepared by the steps which comprise: (a) adding to an asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous oil charge stock an oil-insoluble metal compound and a low molecular weight alcohol; (b) converting the oil-insoluble metal compound within the charge stock by heating the oil to a temperature from about 120.degree. F. (43.degree. C.) to about 450.degree. F. (232.degree. C.) to produce an organometallic compound within the charge stock; and (c) converting the organometallic compound within the charge stock by reacting under hydroconversion conditions to produce the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrogen-enriched hydrocarbonaceous products which process comprises: (a) converting a heavy, asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous residual oil, wherein at least 80% of the residual oil boils above 650.degree. F. (343.degree. C.), in the presence of hydrogen and a particulate catalyst at residual oil conversion conditions in a reaction zone to produce a liquid effluent stream comprising particulate catalyst and normally liquid hydrocarbonaceous compounds; (b) contacting at least a portion of the liquid effluent stream from step (a) with water and a hydrocarbonaceous solvent comprising at least one aromatic hydrocarbon; and (c) gravitationally separating the resulting admixture from step (b) into a solvent phase comprising the normally liquid hydrocarbonaceous compounds and essentially free of solids, and an aqueous phase comprising essentially all of the particulate catalyst.

Abstract: Heavy crude oils which contain metal contaminants such as nickel, vanadium and iron may be separated from light hydrocarbon oils by passing a solution of the crude oil dissolved in a cycloparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent containing from about 5 to about 8 carbon atoms by passing through a polymeric membrane which is capable of maintaining its integrity in the presence of hydrocarbon compounds. The light hydrocarbon oils which possess relatively low molecular weights will be recovered as the permeate while the heavy oils which possess relatively high molecular weights as well as the metal contaminants will be recovered as the retentate.

Abstract: A process for deashing primary coal liquids with a selective hydrocarbon solvent separation wherein the coal liquids and selective hydrocarbon solvent are contacted initially at a temperature greater than the temperature at which the deashing separation occurs. More particularly, a process for the production of deashed coal liquid which comprises the sequential steps of: (a) admixing a primary coal liquid containing ash and a hydrocarbon deashing solvent having no hydrogen-transferring ability at a selected admixing temperature from about 250.degree. F. to about 575.degree. F.; (b) reducing the temperature of the entire resulting admixture of the primary coal liquid and hydrocarbon deashing solvent to a deashing temperature about 50.degree. F. to about 125.degree. F. less than the admixing temperature of step (a); and deashing the primary coal liquid with the deashing solvent at the deashing temperature of step (b).

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen-enriched hydrocarbonaceous products from coal which comprises: (a) contacting the coal in a solvent extraction zone at solvent extraction conditions with a coal solvent, hydrogen and a first residual oil containing asphaltenes and at least one finely divided, unsupported metal sulfide to provide a liquid effluent slurry which includes a low boiling hydrocarbon soluble fraction; (b) contacting at least a portion of the liquid effluent slurry from the solvent extraction zone of step (a) with a low boiling hydrocarbon solvent in a solvent separation zone at solvent separation conditions to separate the low boiling hydrocarbon soluble fraction from a low boiling hydrocarbon insoluble fraction which comprises ash, unconverted asphaltenes and finely divided, unsupported metal sulfide; (c) contacting the low boiling hydrocarbon soluble fraction from step (b) with hydrogen and a second residual oil containing asphaltenes and at least one finely divided, unsupported metal sulfide in a

Abstract: A method for the removal of metal from a hydrocarbon solution containing metal alkaryl sulfonate. Briefly, the method comprises contacting the hydrocarbon solution containing metal alkaryl sulfonate with an aqueous ammonia or an aqueous ammonium salt solution and recovering a hydrocarbon having a reduced metal concentration.

Abstract: A process for liquefying coal which comprises contacting coal and solvent in the presence of a residual oil containing asphaltenes and at least one finely divided, unsupported metal sulfide and recovering valuable liquid hydrocarbon products from the resulting liquid coal extract.

Abstract: A solid carbonaceous material, such as coal, is converted to liquid products and the asphaltene content of a heavy hydrocarbonaceous liquid is reduced in the process wherein the solid is solvent extracted by the heavy hydrocarbonaceous liquid and a hydrocarbonaceous recycle stream with a finely divided, unsupported metal catalyst and the resultant mixture of liquids is recovered as the product.

Abstract: A process for liquefying coal by subjecting bituminous coal particles to electromagnetic wave energy and having wavelengths of from about 0.001 to about 100 A and recovering valuable liquid hydrocarbon products from the resulting liquid coal extract.

Abstract: A process for deashing primary coal liquids with a selective multi-solvent extraction wherein the coal liquids and a primary solvent are contacted initially at a temperature greater than the temperature at which the deashing extraction occurs.

Abstract: A novel method of preparing an unsupported molybdenum sulfide catalyst utilized in the processing of hydrocarbon feedstocks containing asphaltenes and organometallic compounds.

Abstract: A solids dispersant comprising an oil-soluble salt is added to catalytic slurry of hydrocarbonaceous charge stock to reduce coke deposits in conversion at temperatures above about 400.degree. F. Dosage is about 0.0001% to 1% of a condensation product of an epihalohydrin and equimolar amount of C.sub.12 -C.sub.40 alkylamine.

Abstract: A non-stoichiometric vanadium sulfide catalyst utilized in a process for hydrorefining a hydrocarbon feed stock is prepared by (1) contacting vanadium oxide with ammonium sulfide to form an ammonium salt of vanadium sulfide and (2) the salt is neutralized with an acid in a non-oxidative atmosphere to form the vanadium sulfide catalyst. The acid used in the neutralizing step may be sulfuric acid or carbonic acid and the non-oxidative atmosphere may be hydrogen or nitrogen.

Abstract: A non-stoichiometric vanadium sulfide catalyst utilized in a hydrocarbon hydrorefining process is prepared by contacting a sulfur-bearing gas, such as H.sub.2 S, into an alkali metal hydroxide solution containing vanadium oxide to form a soluble alkali metal vanadium sulfide. The vanadium sulfide is precipitated from the soluble alkali metal vanadium sulfide with an acid, such as sulfuric acid or carbonic acid.

Abstract: A novel method of preparing a non-stochiometric vanadium sulfide catalyst utilized in the processing of hydrocarbon feedstocks containing asphaltenes and organometallic compounds.

Abstract: Production of a low mineral content fuel by a coal liquefaction process utilizing a hydrogenated coal solvent having been hydrogenated to remove at least about 80% of the asphaltenes which yields as the primary product a mixture of liquid and solids, a part of which is suspended in the liquid. The suspended solids are effectively removed with minimum loss of desired product by means of a light aromatic solvent in combination with a hydrogenated coal solvent having been hydrogenated to remove at least about 80% of the asphaltenes.