Abstract: Redistribution devices in a packed column are provided for mixing and redistribution of both downflowing liquid and upflowing vapor to reduce liquid to vapor concentration gradients. In one form, the vapor is redistributed by first risers directing vapor streams outwardly toward the column and second risers located adjacent the column solely directing vapor streams toward the column center.

Abstract: Raw shale oil containing precipitable inorganic compounds such as iron and arsenic are preheated to below the precipitation temperature and then catalytically hydrocracked in an ebullated bed catalytic reactor. The metal compounds are deposited on the catalyst in the reactor, from which they are withdrawing along with used catalyst which is replaced with fresh catalyst. The reactor effluent is further hydrotreated in a fixed bed catalyst reactor, usually at more severe conditions of 800.degree.-840.degree. F. and 2000-2800 psig, hydrogen partial pressure. The resulting material is phase-separated and distilled to provide jet fuel and diesel oil product meeting commercial and military specifications.

Abstract: Contaminants, such as water and hydrogen sulfide, are removed from hydrocarbon streams by the use of beds of solid adsorbents including molecular sieves. The adsorbents are regenerated by heating, with the heating being performed in a closed-loop operation wherein a small quantity of the hydrocarbon being treated is recycled in a closed-loop recirculation system comprising the adsorbent and a heater until the adsorbent reaches an effective regeneration temperature. Closed-loop operation is then terminated, and a regeneration gas is passed into the system and the adsorbent on a once-through basis.