Abstract: A microbial fuel cell (MFC) in which the anode and/or cathode half-cell comprises at least one additional electrode insulated from direct contact with the working electrode and arranged to be coupled to an external voltage or current source, wherein the additional electrode does not comprise an internal redox system, methods of operation of MFCs and methods for measuring, controlling or modulating MFC circuits are described.

Abstract: The present invention provides an arrangement of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in which the MFCs are in discontinuous flow communication, methods of operating such an arrangement, methods of hydrogen production and electrical production using such an arrangement, a digester for use in the arrangement and methods of increasing power output from the arrangement.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell (MFC) in which the anode and/or cathode half-cell comprises at least one additional electrode insulated from direct contact with the working electrode and arranged to be coupled to an external voltage or current source, wherein the additional electrode does not comprise an internal redox system, methods of operation of MFCs and methods for measuring, controlling or modulating MFC circuits are described.

Abstract: The present invention provides an arrangement of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in which the MFCs are in discontinuous flow communication, methods of operating such an arrangement, methods of hydrogen production and electrical production using such an arrangement, a digester for use in the arrangement and methods of increasing power output from the arrangement.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to catheters, for example a catheter which is adapted such that the user is able to determine whether it has been correctly positioned within 5 the subject. Also included in the present disclosure are means for detecting the position of the catheter and combinations of a catheter and processors for determining the positioning of the catheter. The present disclosure also relates to methods of determining the position of a catheter in, for example, a human or animal body.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to catheters, for example a catheter which is adapted such that the user is able to determine whether it has been correctly positioned within 5 the subject. Also included in the present disclosure are means for detecting the position of the catheter and combinations of a catheter and processors for determining the positioning of the catheter. The present disclosure also relates to methods of determining the position of a catheter in, for example, a human or animal body.

Abstract: The invention provides a cancer screening test, to identify patients having an increased likelihood of cancer, comprising the step of determining the presence or absence of members of a test group of tumour associated antigens in the blood of a patient. The test group comprises a plurality of tumour-associated antigens. Antigens of particular interest include Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF A); CEA 125 (Carcinoembryonic antigen 125); Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA); CA15-3 (Cancer antigen 15-3); CA125 (Cancer Antigen 125); CYFRA21-1 (Cytokeratin-19 fragments); Soluble ectodomain of c-erbB2; CA27.29 (Cancer Antigen 27.29); IGF-I (Insulin-like growth factor-1); IGF-2 (Insulin-like growth factor-2); and IGFBP-3 (Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3). The invention also provides an antibody-based test kit to implement the screening method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel porphyrin and porphyrin-based chromophores and sets of porphyrin and porphyrin-based chromophores, which may be particularly useful in a range of photodynamic applications, including photochemotherapy and fluorescence analysis and imaging. In particular, the present invention provides new and useful porphyrin, chlorin and bacteriochlorin chromophores; methods for the production of such chromophores; and methods for the use of such chromophores in analysis and in medicine.