Abstract: Disclosed are photoresponsive hydrogels. The compositions disclosed herein can be prepared by polymerizing a hydrogel precursor and a spiropyran. The properties of the disclosed compositions can be changed by exposure to light, pH, and temperature. Methods of using the disclosed compositions to deliver pharmaceutical actives are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides methods for the in situ production of hydrogen and for the synthesis of high value/energy chemical products from low value/energy organic material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for detecting and quantitating NADH/NAD+ and/or NADPH/NADP+ as well as NADHJNAD+ and/or NADPH/NADP+ dependent enzymes using a photoelectrochemical cell.

Abstract: The invention provides a photobiological fuel cell converting chemical energy possessed by a carbon-containing compound and light energy into electrical energy. A positive electrode (24) and a negative electrode (23) provided with an electrolyte (26) interposed between them are arranged as constituents. An electromotive force is generated across the positive electrode (24) and the negative electrode (23) by an oxidation reaction involving an electrochemical reception of electrons from carbon-containing compound by an external electric circuit via the intermediacy of a photosensitizer molecule excited by light, an oxidation-reduction mediator, catalytic enzymes, and reduction reactions at a positive electrodes (24).