Abstract: Apparatus for use in the machine milking of animals including a chamber wh is connectable to the teat cups of a milking machine. A sensing arrangement associated with the chamber permits the volume of milk within the chamber to be sensed and control equipment is coupled with the sensing arrangement so as to be operable in response to a determined volume of milk within the chamber being sensed. A valve is operable in response to the control equipment. Accordingly, the apparatus can be connected to a milk transport system to enable milk to pass from the chamber through the valve and into the milk transport system.

Abstract: A passive electro-optic display cell comprises two glass plates each of which is covered with a protective layer, for example of silicon dioxide, on which are fixed conductive electrodes composed, for example, of indium oxide. A bonding layer is placed between each plate so treated and an alignment layer which aligns the molecules of a liquid crystal within the cell, this bonding layer being produced from a transparent organic substance, for example a silane or an aluminate. The alignment layers are composed of a polymerizable material, for example a polyimide. A sealing frame which surrounds the liquid crystal between the plates is likewise composed of a polymerizable material, for example a formaldehyde phenolic resin. A copolymerization of the sealing frame and the two alignment layers is obtained, so that these three elements form a casing which encloses the liquid crystal and protects it against contamination and from external influences.