Abstract: A system that breaks calcium in a liquid includes a catheter including first and second electrodes arranged to receive there-across a high electrical voltage at an initial low current. The high electrical voltage causes an electrical arc to form across the electrodes creating a gas bubble within the liquid, a high current to flow through the electrodes, and a mechanical shock wave. A power source provides the electrodes with the high electrical voltage at the initial current and terminates the high electrical voltage in response to the high current flow through the electrodes.

Abstract: Described herein are low-profile electrodes for use with an angioplasty shockwave catheter. A low-profile electrode assembly may have an inner electrode, an insulating layer disposed over the inner electrode such that an opening in the insulating layer is aligned with the inner electrode, and an outer electrode sheath disposed over the insulating layer such that an opening in the outer electrode sheath is coaxially aligned with the opening in the insulating layer. This layered configuration allows for the generation of shockwaves that propagate outward from the side of the catheter. In some variations, the electrode assembly has a second inner electrode, and the insulating layer and outer electrode may each have a second opening that are coaxially aligned with the second inner electrode. An angioplasty shockwave catheter may have a plurality of such low-profile electrode assemblies along its length to break up calcified plaques along a length of a vessel.

Abstract: A clip fastener (10) comprises a housing and a releasable cartridge (12) to hold a plurality of clips (20). There is a truck (14) having a pair of guide rails (50, 52) to receive the clips (20). There is a mechanism (76, 78) to vary the distance between the guide rails (50, 52). There is a ram (68) to )move a clip (20) along the track (14). There is a depressor (90) to slightly open the loops.

Abstract: A clip fastener comprises a housing and a releasable cartridge located in or on the housing for holding a plurality of clips. A track is provided for receiving clips from the magazine. A ram rod moves the clip along a pathway defined by the track, and a spreader in the pathway separates an inner loop of the clip from an outer loop thereof.

Abstract: A clip fastener comprises a housing and a releasable cartridge located in or on the housing for holding a plurality of clips. A track is provided for receiving clips from the magazine. A ram rod moves the clip along a pathway defined by the track, and a spreader in the pathway separates an inner loop of the clip from an outer loop thereof.

Abstract: A clip fastener has a housing and a magazine located in or on the housing for holding a plurality of clips. A track for receiving clips from the magazine is provided. The fastener has means for moving the clip along a pathway defined by the track, and spreader means in the pathway for separating an inner loop of the clip from an outer loop thereof. An adjustable track to accommodate clips of different sizes may be provided.