Abstract: A method and popping machine for popping different types of popcorn kernels is provided, where the different types of popcorn kernels include at least mushroom type popcorn and butterfly type popcorn. The method includes determining a selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels to be popped in a first popping cycle based upon a selection made by an operator, and then retrieving and using a first set of predetermined cooking temperature set points associated with cooking the selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels during performance of the first popping cycle. The cooking temperature set points determine several items which may include when to heat a kettle of the popping machine, when to signal an operator to take action such as loading kernels or dumping popped popcorn, and when to add sugar if a sweetened popped popcorn type is desired.

Abstract: A method and popping machine for popping different types of popcorn kernels is provided, where the different types of popcorn kernels include at least mushroom type popcorn and butterfly type popcorn. The method includes determining a selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels to be popped in a first popping cycle based upon a selection made by an operator, and then retrieving and using a first set of predetermined cooking temperature set points associated with cooking the selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels during performance of the first popping cycle. The cooking temperature set points determine several items which may include when to heat a kettle of the popping machine, when to signal an operator to take action such as loading kernels or dumping popped popcorn, and when to add sugar if a sweetened popped popcorn type is desired.

Abstract: A method and popping machine for popping different types of popcorn kernels is provided, where the different types of popcorn kernels include at least mushroom type popcorn and butterfly type popcorn. The method includes determining a selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels to be popped in a first popping cycle based upon a selection made by an operator, and then retrieving and using a first set of predetermined cooking temperature set points associated with cooking the selected one of the different types of popcorn kernels during performance of the first popping cycle. The cooking temperature set points determine several items which may include when to heat a kettle of the popping machine, when to signal an operator to take action such as loading kernels or dumping popped popcorn, and when to add sugar if a sweetened popped popcorn type is desired.

Abstract: An extremum-seeking control system for formation flight that uses blended performance parameters in a conglomerate performance function that better approximates drag reduction than performance functions formed from individual measurements. Generally, a variety of different measurements are taken and fed to a control system, the measurements are weighted, and are then subjected to a peak-seeking control algorithm. As measurements are continually taken, the aircraft will be guided to a relative position which optimizes the drag reduction of the formation. Two embodiments are discussed. Two approaches are shown for determining relative weightings: “a priori” by which they are qualitatively determined (by minimizing the error between the conglomerate function and the drag reduction function), and by periodically updating the weightings as the formation evolves.

Abstract: A popcorn popping assembly includes a popcorn popping kettle having a side wall extending from a bottom wall. The assembly includes a plurality of retainers. Each of the retainers includes a bottom wall extending between a pair of side walls. The side walls and the bottom wall define a cavity, and an aperture is formed in the bottom wall and defines an essentially closed shaped periphery. The assembly includes a plurality of studs, each configured to be inserted through a respective aperture of a respective retainer. A plurality of fasteners are each configured to be received within the cavity of a retainer and couple with a stud to secure the stud to the retainer. A temperature sensor may extend through at least one of the apertures. A stud may be configured to cooperate with the temperature sensor and hold the temperature sensor in a predetermined location.

Abstract: Methods to control power to a cooking appliance are provided. The methods include monitoring a power signal to the portion of the cooking appliance, including monitoring a current and/or voltage of the power signal. The methods also include selectively interrupting power to the portion of the cooking appliance in response to: determining that the current fails to exceed a current threshold within a time threshold, determining that the voltage fails to exceed a voltage threshold within a time threshold, determining that the current exceeds a current threshold for a first time threshold but fails to exceed the current threshold for a second time threshold, and determining that the voltage exceeds a voltage threshold for a first time threshold but fails to exceed the voltage threshold for a second time threshold. The methods also include temperature sensing and controlling the power signal based thereupon.

Abstract: A popcorn popping assembly includes a popcorn popping kettle having a side wall extending from a bottom wall. The assembly includes a plurality of retainers. Each of the retainers includes a bottom wall extending between a pair of side walls. The side walls and the bottom wall define a cavity, and an aperture is formed in the bottom wall and defines an essentially closed shaped periphery. The assembly includes a plurality of studs, each configured to be inserted through a respective aperture of a respective retainer. A plurality of fasteners are each configured to be received within the cavity of a retainer and couple with a stud to secure the stud to the retainer. A temperature sensor may extend through at least one of the apertures. A stud may be configured to cooperate with the temperature sensor and hold the temperature sensor in a predetermined location.

Abstract: A computerized system and method for peak-seeking-control that uses a unique Kalman filter design to optimize a control loop, in real time, to either maximize or minimize a performance function of a physical object (“plant”). The system and method achieves more accurate and efficient peak-seeking-control by using a time-varying Kalman filter to estimate both the performance function gradient (slope) and Hessian (curvature) based on direct position measurements of the plant, and does not rely upon modeling the plant response to persistent excitation. The system and method can be naturally applied in various applications in which plant performance functions have multiple independent parameters, and it does not depend upon frequency separation to distinguish between system dimensions.

Abstract: An automatic popcorn popper which has selectable load capabilities for popping various differently sized loads of corn. A heat control system is provided having a selector switch for selecting one of multiple rates of heat to be delivered to the kettle. An oil delivery system is coupled to the selector switch for selecting one of varying amounts of oil to be delivered to the kettle in conjunction with selecting the rate or amount of heat to be delivered to the kettle.

Abstract: Within a cotton candy machine a delay-on-break delay timer is used to delay the de-energization of the spinner-head motor for a predetermined period of time after the heater elements are turned off. Thus, while the heater elements are cooling down, the motor and spinner head continue to rotate. Once the heater elements are cooled to the point where they cannot melt or burn the sugar, then the motor can be de-energized and the spinner head allowed to stop.

Abstract: Methods to control power to a cooking appliance are provided. The methods include monitoring a power signal to the portion of the cooking appliance, including monitoring a current and/or voltage of the power signal. The methods also include selectively interrupting power to the portion of the cooking appliance in response to: determining that the current fails to exceed a current threshold within a time threshold, determining that the voltage fails to exceed a voltage threshold within a time threshold, deter mining that the current exceeds a current threshold for a first time threshold but fails to exceed the current threshold for a second time threshold, and determining that the voltage exceeds a voltage threshold for a first time threshold but fails to exceed the voltage threshold for a second time threshold. The methods also include temperature sensing and controlling the power signal based thereupon.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of operating a speaker by converting an audio signal to a pulse-width modulated signal that has a plurality of positive pulses and a plurality of negative pulses as a function of the audio signal, then driving an H-bridge circuit interconnected to a speaker, wherein the H-bridge circuit comprises an A-side and a B-side, wherein the A-side comprises a first switching transistor and a second switching transistor, and wherein the B-side comprises a first switching transistor and a second switching transistor. For each positive pulse, the A-side of the H-bridge circuit is driven by pushing the first switching transistor of the A-side while grounding the second switching transistor of the A-side. For each negative pulse, the B-side of the H-bridge circuit is driven by pushing the first switching transistor of the B-side while grounding the second switching transistor of the B-side.

Abstract: A system and method for recovering a high frequency component of a slew rate controlled signal propagating along a transmission line enables the high frequency component to be recovered after being lost because of slew rate control and transmission line low pass filtering effects. The system includes a wave shaping circuit for receiving and shaping the slew rate controlled signal to recover the high frequency component. The method includes receiving the slew rate controlled signal, and recovering the high frequency component by shaping the slew rate controlled signal to produce a shaped signal, where the shaped signal includes the received slew rate controlled signal and the high frequency component.

Abstract: The invention includes a circuit to monitor batteries arranged in a parallel battery configuration for charge/discharge battery circuit operation. The circuit selectively tests for each battery's presence in a battery holder or receptacle without interrupting circuit discharging operation, e.g., physical removal, and communicates a fault condition if the battery is determined to be missing. The inventive circuit enables existing or legacy control circuitry operating with the circuit to detect individual missing batteries where the legacy control circuitry is constructed to detect only missing circuit charge paths states.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of operating a speaker by converting an audio signal to a pulse-width modulated signal that has a plurality of positive pulses and a plurality of negative pulses as a function of the audio signal, then driving an H-bridge circuit interconnected to a speaker, wherein the H-bridge circuit comprises an A-side and a B-side, wherein the A-side comprises a first switching transistor and a second switching transistor, and wherein the B-side comprises a first switching transistor and a second switching transistor. For each positive pulse, the A-side of the H-bridge circuit is driven by pushing the first switching transistor of the A-side while grounding the second switching transistor of the A-side. For each negative pulse, the B-side of the H-bridge circuit is driven by pushing the first switching transistor of the B-side while grounding the second switching transistor of the B-side.

Abstract: The invention includes a circuit to monitor batteries arranged in a parallel battery configuration for charge/discharge battery circuit operation. The circuit selectively tests for each battery's presence in a battery holder or receptacle without interrupting circuit discharging operation, e.g., physical removal, and communicates a fault condition if the battery is determined to be missing. The inventive circuit enables existing or legacy control circuitry operating with the circuit to detect individual missing batteries where the legacy control circuitry is constructed to detect only missing circuit charge paths states.

Abstract: A heater control for a cotton candy machine automatically controls a heater within the spinner head of the machine to readily accommodate for fluctuations in input line frequency and input line voltage. The control is configured to measure the input line frequency and apply a predetermined voltage to the heater that varies as a function of the measured input line frequency. The control is further configured to measure the input line voltage and apply a generally constant predetermined voltage to the heater for a particular measured input line frequency.

Abstract: Within a cotton candy machine a delay-on-break delay timer is used to delay the de-energization of the spinner-head motor for a predetermined period of time after the heater elements are turned off. Thus, while the heater elements are cooling down, the motor and spinner head continue to rotate. Once the heater elements are cooled to the point where they cannot melt or burn the sugar, then the motor can be de-energized and the spinner head allowed to stop.

Abstract: A wall plate adapter for coupling home network control signals to AC power wiring, where the wall plate adapter includes built-in signaling circuitry. The wall plate adapter includes a plate with a receptacle face with slots that are aligned with slots of an underlying AC receptacle. When prongs of a plug are inserted into the slots of the wall plate adapter, they touch contacts that are located in the slots of the receptacle face. The contacts are, in turn, coupled to the signaling circuitry, which may be located in an enlarged region of the wall plate. The signaling circuitry is only coupled to the AC power when a plug is inserted. The plug may be coupled to a transformer and a network device.

Abstract: An insulating wire separator for piping systems which protects buried pipes and cable from becoming damaged or melted from an accidental electrical charge, or caused by a lightning strike. The insulating wire separator is a multi-purpose clip device used to connect a tracer wire to conduits, cables, or piping. Tracer wires are used to permit detection of buried plastic conduits, cables, or piping using conventional detection methods. The insulating wire separator includes a main conduit receiving portion having an outer strengthening rib. The insulating wire separator includes an arm portion connected to a wire clip portion. Along the arm portion, near the main conduit receiving portion, is a plate portion. The insulating wire separator can be installed on either side or on top of conduits, cables, or piping.