Abstract: Multi-stage fiber amplifiers can amplify signals from a few Watts to several kilowatts. These amplifiers are limited in power by intensity instabilities resulting from a sequence of nonlinear optical effects. These nonlinear optical effects include stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), with produces a high-intensity pulse close to the signal wavelength that propagates backward up the amplifier chain, causing permanent damage to the upstream components. This SBS pulse can be blocked by an optical isolator that blocks backward-propagating light at or near the signal wavelength. At high enough power levels, the SBS pulse can also induce backward-propagating light at wavelengths tens to hundreds of nanometers away from the signal wavelength. This SBS-Pulse Induced Non-linear Spectrum light is outside the isolator's reject band, so it can propagate upstream and de-stabilize the upstream amplifier stages.

Abstract: Multi-stage fiber amplifiers can amplify signals from a few Watts to several kilowatts. These amplifiers are limited in power by intensity instabilities resulting from a sequence of nonlinear optical effects. These nonlinear optical effects include stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), with produces a high-intensity pulse close to the signal wavelength that propagates backward up the amplifier chain, causing permanent damage to the upstream components. This SBS pulse can be blocked by an optical isolator that blocks backward-propagating light at or near the signal wavelength. At high enough power levels, the SBS pulse can also induce backward-propagating light at wavelengths tens to hundreds of nanometers away from the signal wavelength. This SBS-Pulse Induced Non-linear Spectrum light is outside the isolator's reject band, so it can propagate upstream and de-stabilize the upstream amplifier stages.

Abstract: Double-clad optical fibers with polymer outer coatings are used in fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers to guide and amplify light. As the optical power increases, the optical fibers must dissipate more heat. Unfortunately, it is difficult to dissipate heat through a polymer cladding, especially at high altitude, without introducing phase noise in the optical signal. To overcome this problem, the inventors have realized metallized polymer-clad optical fibers with superior heat dissipation characteristics than conventional polymer-clad optical fibers. An example metallized polymer-clad optical fiber includes a thin chrome layer that is vacuum-deposited onto the polymer cladding at low temperature, then electroplated with a thicker copper layer. In operation, the copper layer dissipates heat from within the fiber's core and claddings via a heatsink, enabling the fiber to guide and amplify high-power optical signals at high altitude.

Abstract: Double-clad optical fibers with polymer outer coatings are used in fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers to guide and amplify light. As the optical power increases, the optical fibers must dissipate more heat. Unfortunately, it is difficult to dissipate heat through a polymer cladding, especially at high altitude, without introducing phase noise in the optical signal. To overcome this problem, the inventors have realized metallized polymer-clad optical fibers with superior heat dissipation characteristics than conventional polymer-clad optical fibers. An example metallized polymer-clad optical fiber includes a thin chrome layer that is vacuum-deposited onto the polymer cladding at low temperature, then electroplated with a thicker copper layer. In operation, the copper layer dissipates heat from within the fiber's core and claddings via a heatsink, enabling the fiber to guide and amplify high-power optical signals at high altitude.

Abstract: A system for optical amplification includes an optical fiber with a core containing a gain medium surrounded by a cladding, a seed light source, a control light source, and a pump source. The seed light source transmits seed light, at a first wavelength and having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz, into the core of the fiber. The control light source transmits control light, at a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength, into the core where it interacts with the pumped gain medium so as to reduce the peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the fiber. The control light has a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz. The pump source transmits pump light at a pump wavelength, shorter than the second wavelength, into the fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light.

Abstract: A system for optical amplification includes an optical fiber with a core containing a gain medium surrounded by a cladding, a seed light source, a control light source, and a pump source. The seed light source transmits seed light, at a first wavelength and having a first linewidth greater than 100 MHz, into the core of the fiber. The control light source transmits control light, at a second wavelength shorter than the first wavelength, into the core where it interacts with the pumped gain medium so as to reduce the peak rate of heat deposition per unit length along the fiber. The control light has a second linewidth greater than 100 MHz. The pump source transmits pump light at a pump wavelength, shorter than the second wavelength, into the fiber so as to pump the gain medium and amplify the seed light.

Abstract: Methods and devices for detecting the presence of a NO forming material (e.g., a material that can form, or is, a nitrogen monoxide molecule) are disclosed based on detection of fluorescence exhibited by NO molecules in a first vibrationally excited state of a ground electronic state. Such excited NO molecules can be formed, for example, when small amounts of explosives are photodissociated. By inducing fluorescence of the material, a distinct signature of the explosive can be detected. Such techniques can be performed quickly and with a significant standoff distance, which can add to the invention's utility. In another aspection of the invention, methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. Such methods and apparatus can be used in conjunction with any detection method disclosed herein.

Abstract: Methods and devices for detecting the presence of a NO forming material (e.g., a material that can form, or is, a nitrogen monoxide molecule) are disclosed based on detection of fluorescence exhibited by NO molecules in a first vibrationally excited state of a ground electronic state. Such excited NO molecules can be formed, for example, when small amounts of explosives are photodissociated. By inducing fluorescence of the material, a distinct signature of the explosive can be detected. Such techniques can be performed quickly and with a significant standoff distance, which can add to the invention's utility. In another aspection of the invention, methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. Such methods and apparatus can be used in conjunction with any detection method disclosed herein.

Abstract: Methods and devices for detecting the presence of a NO forming material (e.g., a material that can form, or is, a nitrogen monoxide molecule) are disclosed based on detection of fluorescence exhibited by NO molecules in a first vibrationally excited state of a ground electronic state. Such excited NO molecules can be formed, for example, when small amounts of explosives are photodissociated. By inducing fluorescence of the material, a distinct signature of the explosive can be detected. Such techniques can be performed quickly and with a significant standoff distance, which can add to the invention's utility. In another aspection of the invention, methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. Such methods and apparatus can be used in conjunction with any detection method disclosed herein.

Abstract: Methods and devices for detecting the presence of a NO forming material (e.g., a material that can form, or is, a nitrogen monoxide molecule) are disclosed based on detection of fluorescence exhibited by NO molecules in a first vibrationally excited state of a ground electronic state. Such excited NO molecules can be formed, for example, when small amounts of explosives are photodissociated. By inducing fluorescence of the material, a distinct signature of the explosive can be detected. Such techniques can be performed quickly and with a significant standoff distance, which can add to the invention's utility. In another aspection of the invention, methods and apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. Such methods and apparatus can be used in conjunction with any detection method disclosed herein.

Abstract: Many longitudinally pumped miniature lasers (single-frequency Nd:YAG microchip lasers and Q-switched microchip lasers) are sufficiently short that only a small fraction of the incident pump light is absorbed as it passes through the gain medium. The efficiency of such a laser is improved when the output face of the laser is coated to reflect the pump light, thereby allowing double-pass absorption of the light within the gain medium. The total absorption may still be small, however. Additionally, the divergence of typical pump sources (diode lasers or optical fibers) is large enough that there is often poor overlap between the reflected pump light and the oscillating mode, and the efficiency of the device is not significantly enhanced. If the output face of the miniature laser is coated to be highly transmitting to the pump radiation, the transmitted pump light can be collected with a lens and focused in to an amplifying medium (Nd:YVO4).

Abstract: A passively Q-switched laser is pumped by a first optical input signal to produce a train of optical pulses at a first wavelength. These pulses are then fed into a gain-switched laser. The absorption of energy at the first wavelength induces gain in the cavity of the gain-switched laser at a second wavelength, resulting in the spontaneous generation of an optical output pulse at a preferred eye-safe wavelength.

Abstract: High-damage-threshold output couplers with reflectivities suitable for use in high-power Q-switched lasers can be constructed from two pieces of high-damage-threshold bulk material. The output couplers are formed by a thin fluid-filled gap between parallel faces of bulk materials. This forms a reflective Fabry-Perot etalon with a large bandwidth. By avoiding the use of dielectric coatings to form the output coupler, a common source of damage—optical damage to the dielectric coating—can be avoided, making it possible to produce higher-performance lasers.

Abstract: High-damage-threshold output couplers with reflectivities suitable for use in high-power Q-switched lasers can be constructed from two pieces of high-damage-threshold bulk material. The output couplers are formed by a thin fluid-filled gap between parallel faces of bulk materials. This forms a reflective Fabry-Perot etalon with a large bandwidth. By avoiding the use of dielectric coatings to form the output coupler, a common source of damage—optical damage to the dielectric coating—can be avoided, making it possible to produce higher-performance lasers.

Abstract: A sensing system for high sensitivity spectroscopic measurements is described. An optically pumped passively Q-switched laser emits laser light of a first frequency at a sensing site. Frequency-converting crystals coupled to the laser convert the laser output to light of a second frequency which illuminates the sensing site and produces a return radiation that is characteristic of the material at the site. A pump source coupled to the laser by an optical fiber pumps the laser with light of a third frequency that is efficiently propagated over the fiber. A sensor senses the radiation returning from the sensing site. The sensor is either an optical detector located at the site or an optical fiber having one end located at the site and the other end coupled to a remote optical detector.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for a passively Q-switched microlaser for producing high-peak-power pulses of light of extremely short duration are disclosed. The apparatus comprises a gain medium and saturable absorber disposed within a laser cavity. When the cavity is pumped, the saturable absorber prevents the onset of lasing until the inversion density within the cavity reaches a critical value. The length of the cavity, the material parameters, and the reflectivities of the mirrors are selected such that pulses of duration less than about 1 ns and of peak power in excess of about 10 kW are obtained. The invention has application in high-precision optical radar, nonlinear optics, micromachining, microsurgery, robotic vision, and other technologies requiring high-peak-power laser pulses of extremely short duration.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling the propagation path of a light beam are disclosed. A lens material having a temperature-dependent index of refraction is positioned in the path of the light beam. A heat source is disposed on one face of the lens material and a heat sink is disposed on the opposite face. A controller regulates the distribution of heat to the heat source and the extraction of heat from the heat sink so that a temperature gradient is formed within the lens material. The temperature gradient creates a refractive-index gradient in the lens material, causing a thermal lensing effect. The device may be used in a laser cavity for controlling laser-beam divergence caused by pump-induced thermal lensing in the gain medium.

Abstract: A Q-switched laser having a gain medium disposed within a first resonant cavity and a second resonant cavity, sharing a common mirror with the first cavity, whose optical length is adjustable such that the quality Q of the first resonant cavity is affected. One aspect of the invention is the selection of the cavity lengths and the reflectivities of the mirrors of the first and second cavity such that Q-switched pulses of less than 100-ps duration can be obtained. Another aspect of the invention is the ability to generate said pulses with peak powers in excess of 100 kW for applications in high-precision optical radar, nonlinear optics, micromachining, microsurgery, and other applications where short pulses with high peak powers are required.

Abstract: A method of producing a desired surface on an optical material including producing a plurality of elements of the optical material such that each element has an upper and a lower surface, arranging the plurality of elements such that adjacent elements are separated by an interstitial material having a hardness different from the optical material being processed, processing the surfaces of the elements and removing the interstitial material.

Abstract: A Q-switched laser having a gain medium disposed within a first cavity and a second cavity whose optical path length is adjustable such that the quality of the first resonant cavity is affected. One aspect of the invention is the changing of the physical path length of the second cavity so as to effect the reflectivity of a mirror common to both cavities as seen from the first cavity. Another aspect of the invention is the incorporation, within the second cavity, of a material whose refractive index or absorption coefficient can be varied by the application of an electric field, a magnetic field, a temperature change or an applied pressure.