Abstract: An apparatus for applying write signals including a first write signal and a second write signal to write information to a memory device includes a current directing circuit receiving the write signals and directing a write current to establish a write voltage between first and second write loci in a first or second excursion toward a first or second polarity in response to the first or second write signal. The first and second write loci are coupled with supply locus via an adjacent first or second impedance unit and a first or second switching unit. The first and second switching units are controlled at first and second control loci by the first and second write signals. First and second boost systems are coupled with the first and second control loci for boosting the write voltage toward the first and second polarities during first and second excursions.

Abstract: Disclosed is a circuit and method for generating a tail current for a main reader amplifier (200) input stage using a scaled master differential stage (160) with a given offset to force a given output current, preceded by a balanced stage (150) to get a balanced offset. Current must be set by a feedback arrangement in the dummy master stage (160) which is a scaled version of the main reader amplifier input stage (200). The current derived in the dummy master stage (160), when appropriately scaled and used as the tail current of the main reader amplifier (200) input stage provides a precisely controlled gain.