Abstract: An anti-skipping sprinkler includes a frame defining a central longitudinal axis, the frame including a base portion defining an orifice, and first and second arms extending away from the base portion and joining at a lower end of the frame; a deflector located at the lower end of the frame; an orifice plug held over the orifice by a trigger element including a heat sensitive element; and an anti-skipping shield extending circumferentially around the heat sensitive element. The anti-skipping shield has an upper end and a lower end. The anti-skipping shield is open at the upper end and at the lower end to permit airflow to the heat sensitive element around the upper end and the lower end of the anti-skipping shield.

Abstract: An anti-skipping sprinkler includes a frame defining a central longitudinal axis, the frame including a base portion defining an orifice, and first and second arms extending away from the base portion and joining at a lower end of the frame; a deflector located at the lower end of the frame; an orifice plug held over the orifice by a trigger element including a heat sensitive element; and an anti-skipping shield extending circumferentially around the heat sensitive element. The anti-skipping shield has an upper end and a lower end. The anti-skipping shield is open at the upper end and at the lower end to permit airflow to the heat sensitive element around the upper end and the lower end of the anti-skipping shield.

Abstract: A device for measuring the flux received by a specimen in fire test apparatuses has a copper disk or plate of the same dimensions and the same type of surface coating as a typical material specimen, an embedded heating coil and thermocouple, and an insulated sample holder similar to that used for a specimen. The transient response of the embedded thermocouple is measured for several different levels of imposed incident radiation without electrical heating and for several different known levels of electrical heating without any imposed radiation. The principle of Electrical Substitution Radiometry (ESR) is applied, and the transient responses to incident radiation and electrical heating under identical thermal conditions are compared to determine the amount of incident radiation that is actually absorbed by the device while it is being irradiated. The situations are kept thermally identical, thereby insuring that all effects due to heat losses (e.g. convection, radiation and conduction) are exactly the same.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring heat flux from a test material exposed to a flame. The device includes of an elongate element defining a passageway for a fluid, a fluid flowing through the passageway, a mechanism for measuring the rate of water flow through the passageway, and a plurality of temperature-sensing elements positioned along the passageway and within the elongate element. The temperature-sensing elements are spaced from one another longitudinally with respect to the passageway.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring heat flux from a test material exposed to a flame. The device includes of an elongate element defining a passageway for a fluid, a fluid flowing through the passageway, a mechanism for measuring the rate of water flow through the passageway, and a plurality of temperature-sensing elements positioned along the passageway and within the elongate element. The temperature-sensing elements are spaced from one another longitudinally with respect to the passageway.

Abstract: A method of evaluating fire hazards of materials in standard tests is provided which comprises measuring heat flux distribution in test fires at the moment when sprinklers would have sensed the fire and be activated, and determining the rate of sprinkler water delivery rate that will absorb the heat flux, thus controlling spread of the fire.

Abstract: A device is provided for measuring heat flux from a test material exposed to a flame. The device is comprised of an elongate element defining a passageway for a fluid, a fluid flowing through the passageway, means for measuring the rate of water flow through the passageway, and a plurality of temperature-sensing elements positioned along the passageway and within the elongate element. The temperature-sensing elements are spaced from one another longitudinally with respect to the passageway. A method of evaluating fire hazards of materials in standard tests is provided which comprises measuring heat flux distribution in test fires at the moment when sprinklers would have sensed the fire and be activated, and determining the rate of sprinkler water delivery rate that will absorb the heat flux, thus controlling spread of the fire.

Abstract: In a sprinkler system for warehouse freezers or other cold environments, a sprinkler system piping connected to a water supply through a check valve and extends through a freezing cold environment to sprinkler heads positioned to discharge extinguishant. The sprinkler system piping within the cold environment is filled with a solution of potassium lactate. When a fire occurs causing one or more of the sprinkler heads to be activated, the sprinkler heads will discharge the potassium lactate onto the fire. This action will reduce the pressure in the sprinkler system piping bellow that of the water supply so that water flows from the water supply through the sprinkler system piping through the activated sprinkler heads to be discharged upon the fire.