Abstract: A process for the co-gasification of carbonaceous solids (coal, coke) and biomass in which the biomass material is pyrolyzed to provide a biomass pyrolysis oil and biomass char or coke which are then mixed with the carbonaceous solid to form a slurry. This slurry is then heated if necessary to achieve a viscosity which can be processed conveniently in the gasifier. The heat required for pyrolyzing the biomass can conveniently be obtained from the heat exchanger used to cool the hot synthesis gas product emerging from the gasifier.

Abstract: A process for producing phenol and methyl ethyl ketone comprises contacting benzene with a C4 alkylating agent under alkylation conditions with catalyst comprising zeolite beta or a molecular sieve having an X-ray diffraction pattern including d-spacing maxima at 12.4±0.25, 6.9±0.15, 3.57±0.07 and 3.42±0.07 Angstrom to produce an alkylation effluent comprising sec-butylbenzene. The sec-butylbenzene is then oxidized to produce a hydroperoxide and the hydroperoxide is decomposed to produce phenol and methyl ethyl ketone.

Abstract: A process for the co-gasification of carbonaceous solids (coal, coke) and biomass in which the biomass material is pyrolyzed to provide a biomass pyrolysis oil and biomass char or coke which are then mixed with the carbonaceous solid to form a slurry. This slurry is then heated if necessary to achieve a viscosity which can be processed conveniently in the gasifier. The heat required for pyrolyzing the biomass can conveniently be obtained from the heat exchanger used to cool the hot synthesis gas product emerging from the gasifier.

Abstract: The present invention includes a fuel cell system and a method to operate a fuel cell. The fuel cell system includes a source of a fuel and water emulsion, receiving the emulsion and. a reformer for receiving the emulsion and producing hydrogen, a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell connected to the reformer and able to receive hydrogen from the reformer. The method for operating a fuel cell system including a hydrogen gas oxygen fuel cell includes producing the hydrogen gas from a fuel and water emulsion.

Abstract: The present invention includes a fuel cell system and a method to operate a fuel cell. The fuel cell system includes a source of a fuel and water emulsion, receiving the emulsion and a reformer for receiving the emulsion and producing hydrogen, a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell connected to the reformer and able to receive hydrogen from the reformer. The method for operating a fuel cell system including a hydrogen gas oxygen fuel cell includes producing the hydrogen gas from a fuel and water emulsion.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method for lowering the carbon monoxide content of a CO-containing hydrogen rich gas stream by contacting the gas stream with an adsorbent capable of preferentially adsorbing the carbon monoxide in the gas stream, the adsorbent being selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, iridium, the carbides and nitrides of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, tantalum, and mixtures thereof whereby a substantially CO free, hydrogen rich gas stream is obtained. Preferably the absorbent will have a surface area from 0.5 to about 200 m.sup.2 /gm.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel catalyst composition and its use in the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins. The catalyst comprises an alloy of a Group VIII noble metal and a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc and gallium on a support selected from the group consisting of silica, zinc oxide modified silica and zinc oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a zinc alloy, and silica, gallium oxide modified silica and gallium oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a gallium alloy. The instant catalyst is an active and selective catalyst for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins, especially gaseous paraffins, having the added benefit of retaining high activity and selectivity even following repeated regeneration by calcination in oxygen containing gas at temperatures of 450.degree. C. to 650.degree. C., preferably 450.degree. C. to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a novel catalyst composition and its use in the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins. The catalyst comprises an alloy of a Group VIII noble metal and a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc and gallium on a support selected from the group consisting of silica, zinc oxide modified silica and zinc oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a zinc alloy, and silica, gallium oxide modified silica and gallium oxide modified silica-pillared clays when said alloy is a gallium alloy. The instant catalyst is an active and selective catalyst for the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins, especially gaseous paraffins, having the added benefit of retaining high activity and selectivity even following repeated regeneration by calcination in oxygen containing gas at temperatures of 450.degree. C. to 650.degree. C., preferably 450.degree. C. to 500.degree. C.

Abstract: Accumulation of carbonaceous deposits on the combustion chamber surfaces of internal combustion engines is responsible for increased fuel octane requirement to prevent knock. Treatment of these carbonaceous deposits with weak bases, such as aqueous ethylenediamine, aids in their removal and thereby reduces the octane requirement of an internal combustion engine. The method is also applicable for removal of carbonaceous deposits from metal surfaces generally.

Abstract: A reforming process using a Supported Group VIII noble metal reforming catalyst which has been pretreated with an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon at elevated temperatures, thereby lowering activity during initial reforming operations and reducing gas production during the initial operation.

Abstract: An improved pretreatment method for preparing powdered catalysts with well controlled particle size distributions that are free of sub 1 micron particles comprising dispersion of the powdered catalyst in liquid comprised of either a) a hydrocarbon containing low levels of a surfactant or, b) a surfactant containing polar protic solvent, followed by decantation of the suspended finely divided sub 1 micron particles and repeating said sequence until essentially 90% of the sub 1 micron particles have been removed.

Abstract: Supported Group VIII noble metal reforming catalysts are pretreated with an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon at elevated temperatures, thereby lower activity during initial reforming operation and reducing gas production during the initial operation.