Abstract: A system, a method of use, and a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor for determining a dew point and/or ice point is provided. For example, a sensing system may include a thermal device configured to generate heating or cooling to change a temperature of a surface, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the surface, a controller configured to control the thermal device, a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor mounted on the surface having a moisture sensitive resistance and a processor configured to determine one or more parameters based on the moisture sensitive resistance of the CNT condensation sensor and the temperature measured by the temperature sensor. The one or more parameter can be used to determine the dew point and/or ice point. A method for forming a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor is also provided.

Abstract: A system, a method of use, and a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor for determining a dew point and/or ice point is provided. For example, a sensing system may include a thermal device configured to generate heating or cooling to change a temperature of a surface, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the surface, a controller configured to control the thermal device, a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor mounted on the surface having a moisture sensitive resistance and a processor configured to determine one or more parameters based on the moisture sensitive resistance of the CNT condensation sensor and the temperature measured by the temperature sensor. The one or more parameter can be used to determine the dew point and/or ice point. A method for forming a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor is also provided.

Abstract: A system, a method of use, and a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor for determining a dew point and/or ice point is provided. For example, a sensing system may include a thermal device configured to generate heating or cooling to change a temperature of a surface, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the surface, a controller configured to control the thermal device, a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor mounted on the surface having a moisture sensitive resistance and a processor configured to determine one or more parameters based on the moisture sensitive resistance of the CNT condensation sensor and the temperature measured by the temperature sensor. The one or more parameter can be used to determine the dew point and/or ice point. A method for forming a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor is also provided.

Abstract: A system, a method of use, and a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor for determining a dew point and/or ice point is provided. For example, a sensing system may include a thermal device configured to generate heating or cooling to change a temperature of a surface, a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the surface, a controller configured to control the thermal device, a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor mounted on the surface having a moisture sensitive resistance and a processor configured to determine one or more parameters based on the moisture sensitive resistance of the CNT condensation sensor and the temperature measured by the temperature sensor. The one or more parameter can be used to determine the dew point and/or ice point. A method for forming a carbon nanotube (CNT) condensation sensor is also provided.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the grid has an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating covering all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid. Also described is a method of forming an electrode, comprising applying an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating to a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the coating covers all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid.

Abstract: A lead alloy coating for a positive grid of a lead acid battery is provided. The lead alloy coating includes a tin content of at least about 0.1%, but not more than about 3%; and a residual lead content. The lead alloy coating optionally includes a calcium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%. Alternatively, the lead alloy coating optionally includes a barium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the grid has an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating covering all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid. Also described is a method of forming an electrode, comprising applying an essentially PbO free PbO2 coating to a noble-metal free grid comprising lead, wherein the coating covers all, or essentially all of the surface of the grid.

Abstract: A coated positive grid for a lead acid battery is provided. The coated positive grid includes a strip lead or lead alloy and a coating of lead or lead alloy. The strip has first and second surfaces, and a linear elongated grain structure oriented parallel to the first and second surfaces. The coating is disposed on the first surface. The coating has a random grain structure. The random grain structure and the linear elongated grain structure conduct electrical current between the coated positive grid and an active material of the lead acid battery.

Abstract: A lead alloy coating for a positive grid of a lead acid battery is provided. The lead alloy coating includes a tin content of at least about 0.1%, but not more than about 3%; and a residual lead content. The lead alloy coating optionally includes a calcium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%. Alternatively, the lead alloy coating optionally includes a barium content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%, with or without a silver content of at least about 0.01%, but not more than about 0.1%.

Abstract: A thin film or coating containing an oxide of silicon or aluminum or both is deposited over lead or lead alloy battery components that will be in contact with the acid electrolyte greatly reducing the corrosion of the lead components during battery use. In one embodiment, the coating of film may be applied using a colloid of silica or alumina in a binder such as room temperature vulcanized rubber. In another embodiment, the coating of film is deposited by a direct silane polymerization of an oxidized lead surface by silicic acid forming the film. The substantial reduction of component corrosion eliminates leaking around the terminals and thereby increases the service life of the lead acid battery.