Abstract: Raman scattering of radiation applied to a water sample is used to assess occurrence of a pathogen in the sample. The method is useful for detecting pathogens that are difficult to detect using other methods, such as protozoa. Examples of organisms that can be detected in water samples using these methods include protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium and the genus Giardia. The methods described herein have important applications, such as for detection of Cryptosporidium organisms in municipal water systems.

Abstract: The disclosure generally relates to a method and apparatus for multi-wavelength imaging spectrometer. More specifically, in one embodiment, the disclosure relates to an optical filter for passing photons therethrough. The filter includes a first filter stage and a second filter stage. The first filter stage may include a first retarder element and a first liquid crystal cell. The first element may include an input face and an output face. One of the first element faces is not oriented substantially normal to the trajectory of photons passing through the filter.

Abstract: A carrying case for external defibrillator having at least one surface-mounted operation features. The carrying case includes a main interior compartment that securely holds a defibrillator such that at least one of surface-mounted operational features of the defibrillator is accessible to the operator without removing the defibrillator from the carrying case. This enables the defibrillator to be used while held in said main interior compartment. At least one storage compartment is provided having an interior dimension adapted to hold at least one item associated with the defibrillator. The storage compartment has an associated aperture formed on an exterior of the carrying case such that the storage compartment is accessible from an exterior of the carrying case.

Abstract: A carrying case for external defibrillator having at least one surface-mounted operation features. The carrying case includes a main interior compartment that securely holds a defibrillator such that at least one of surface-mounted operational features of the defibrillator is accessible to the operator without removing the defibrillator from the carrying case. This enables the defibrillator to be used while held in said main interior compartment. At least one storage compartment is provided having an interior dimension adapted to hold at least one item associated with the defibrillator. The storage compartment has an associated aperture formed on an exterior of the carrying case such that the storage compartment is accessible from an exterior of the carrying case.

Abstract: A carrying case for external defibrillator having at least one surface-mounted operational features. The carrying case includes a main interior compartment that securely holds a defibrillator such that at least one of surface-mounted operational features of the defibrillator is accessible to the operator without removing the defibrillator from the carrying case. This enables the defibrillator to be used while held in said main interior compartment. At least one storage compartment is provided having an interior dimension adapted to hold at least one item associated with the defibrillator. The storage compartment has an associated aperture formed on an exterior of the carrying case such that the storage compartment is accessible from an exterior of the carrying case.

Abstract: The relative concentration of a material such as glucose in a turbid medium such as living tissue may determining the scattering coefficient of the light that has passed through the turbid medium; and comparing the scattering coefficient with a previous scattering coefficient determined with respect to the turbid medium.