Abstract: A gunshot detection system includes a housing, a radar transmitter connected to the housing, a plurality of radar antennas connected to the housing, and a controller connected to the housing. The controller is operatively connected to the radar transmitter to cause the radar transmitter to generate radar transmission signals. The controller is configured to receive and record reflection data from the plurality of radar antennas. The controller is configured to determine a gunshot origination location of each bullet moving through a detection zone based on the reflection data.

Abstract: Dental appliances and associated systems are provided. In some embodiments, a dental appliance includes a shell configured to receive a plurality of teeth, the shell having a sidewall and an interproximal engagement structure extending from the sidewall into a space of an interproximal region between a first tooth and a second tooth of the plurality of teeth. The interproximal engagement structure can be configured to contact the first tooth and the second tooth concurrently. The interproximal engagement structure can be larger than the space of the interproximal region, such that the contact causes deformation of one or more of the interproximal engagement structure or the sidewall.

Abstract: Polymeric shell appliances are provided in which the polymeric shell appliances are configured to provide one or more activation forces to facilitate tooth movement. In many embodiments, the appliances comprise interproximal engagement structures to provide activation forces to interproximal tooth surfaces. In many embodiments, the activation forces are arranged to provide a plurality of forces, including a force in a direction opposite to an intended direction of tooth movement. The polymeric shell appliances may comprise one or more tooth receiving cavities, in which each of the plurality of tooth receiving cavities is shaped and arranged to provide a counter moment of each of the plurality of teeth.

Abstract: Systems for orthodontic treatment are provided. In some embodiments, a system includes an attachment configured to be coupled to a tooth of a patient. The attachment can include a first surface configured to contact the tooth, a second surface opposing the first surface, and one or more sidewalls connecting the first surface and the second surface. The first surface, the second surface, and the one or more sidewalls can form a solid enclosed volume having a protruding shape. The system can further include an orthodontic appliance including a shell having a plurality of teeth-receiving cavities shaped to reposition the patient's teeth from a first arrangement toward a second arrangement, and an attachment-receiving well formed in the shell. The attachment-receiving well can engage the attachment to effect a movement of at least one tooth of the patient. The attachment can have a different geometry than the attachment-receiving well.

Abstract: A method for mandibular advancement may include determining a threshold force value for an amount of anterior-posterior force to be applied to the patient's teeth to displace the patient's lower jaw anteriorly relative to the patient's upper jaw, determining a force distribution on the teeth of the patient's lower jaw that distributes the anterior-posterior force on the teeth of the patient's lower jaw by preferentially loading the posterior teeth and determining a geometry for an intraoral appliance configured to displace the lower jaw anteriorly relative to the upper jaw when worn by the patient in order to treat the sleep apnea. The intraoral appliance may be configured to provide an amount of anterior-posterior force to the patient's teeth that is no greater than the threshold force value with the force distribution.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a series of removable orthodontic aligners may include generating a series of incremental tooth movement stages to move teeth from an initial arrangement towards a final arrangement and determining a tooth movement for a first tooth based on the series of incremental tooth movement stages. The method may include comparing the tooth movement to a threshold of tooth movement and applying a movement optimized attachment to the first tooth. The movement optimized attachment may be applied based on the tooth movement and designed with one or more parameter values based on a force or torque associated with a force system for eliciting the tooth movement. An Appliance may be configured to interact with the movement optimized attachment to move the first tooth from a first position towards a second position.

Abstract: A silicon-based quantum device for confining charge carriers is provided.

Abstract: Appliances for orthodontic treatment are provided. In some embodiments, an orthodontic appliance includes a shell having a plurality of teeth-receiving cavities shaped to reposition a patient's teeth from a first arrangement toward a second arrangement. The shell can have a first elasticity. The appliance can include an attachment-receiving well formed in the shell. The attachment-receiving well can be configured to engage an attachment coupled to a tooth of the patient. The appliance can further include at least one tactile object coupled to the attachment-receiving well. The at least one tactile object can include an elongate body that extends toward the attachment when the shell is worn on the patient's teeth. The at least one tactile object can have a second elasticity greater than the first elasticity.

Abstract: Improved systems, methods, and devices for treating sleep apnea are provided herein. In one aspect, an intraoral appliance for treating sleep apnea in a patient comprises an appliance shell comprising a plurality of cavities shaped to receive teeth of a jaw of the patient. The appliance shell can comprise an advancement structure arranged to interact with an opposing jaw of the patient so as to displace the lower jaw anteriorly relative to the upper jaw. The plurality of cavities can comprise cavity geometries shaped to reduce repositioning of one or more received teeth elicited by displacement of the lower jaw anteriorly relative to the upper jaw.

Abstract: A set of primer appliances and a set of treatment appliances to be worn by a subject are provided. The primer appliances are first worn to prepare the local environment of the teeth for further repositioning of the teeth by the treatment appliances. The primer appliances may apply compression or force to one or more support structures of the teeth in a direction favorable for inducing a biological response of the one or more support structures that prepare the teeth for repositioning, for example by relaxing the tissue of the one or more support structures of the teeth. The primer appliances may cause minimal or no repositioning of the teeth. The treatment appliances are worn to reposition the teeth from an initial position to an end position of a treatment stage. The primer appliances can improve the efficiency and accuracy of tooth movement by the treatment appliances.

Abstract: A dental appliance may include a first plurality of tooth receiving cavities for anterior teeth and a first plurality of attachment receiving cavities shaped to impart a first plurality of forces and a first counter moment to the anterior teeth, the first plurality of forces being to direct at least one tooth in a posterior direction. The dental appliance may include a second plurality of tooth receiving cavities for posterior teeth and a second plurality of attachment receiving cavities to impart a second plurality of forces and a second counter moment the posterior teeth, the second counter moment being in a direction opposing the first counter moment. At least a portion of the second plurality of forces may be configured to oppose the first plurality of forces. The first counter moment and the second counter moment may be configured to be coupled to form a differential moment.

Abstract: A method includes to receive, via a computing device, data representing a plurality of teeth, identify data indicating which of the plurality of teeth are unerupted or erupting, predict at least one characteristic of a tooth of the unerupted or erupting teeth after they have fully erupted using one or more tooth eruption prediction factors, generate new data representing the unerupted or erupting teeth in multiple states of eruption based upon the predicted at least one characteristic of the fully erupted teeth, and generate a series of incremental tooth arrangements with the new data to define a proposed orthodontic treatment based on the new data representing the unerupted or erupting teeth in multiple states of eruption.

Abstract: A series of patient-customized orthodontic aligners may be produced by a process including receiving a digital model of a patient's tooth, determining a force system for eliciting a tooth movement, and designing a patient-customized attachment configured to engage at least one of the series of patient-customized orthodontic aligners when worn by a patient and apply a repositioning force to the patient's tooth corresponding to the force system. The process may also include designing the at least one of the patient-customized orthodontic aligners to engage the patient-customized attachment when worn by the patient, the at least one of the patient-customized orthodontic aligners having a shape customized responsive to the attachment, the digital model and the force system. The process may also include fabricating the series of patient-customized orthodontic aligners including the at least one of the patient-customized orthodontic aligners.

Abstract: A method of attachment design may include placing a virtual attachment having a shape at a location on a virtual tooth, generating attachment shape parameters for the virtual attachment, and determining whether the virtual attachment at the location and having the shape generates a solution that results in a desired movement of the virtual tooth for a stage of treatment in a treatment plan. The method may also include modifying, based on the determining, the shape of the virtual attachment or the location of the virtual attachment.

Abstract: A method includes to receive, via a computing device, data representing a plurality of teeth, identify data indicating which of the plurality of teeth are unerupted or erupting, predict at least one characteristic of a tooth of the unerupted or erupting teeth after they have fully erupted using one or more tooth eruption prediction factors, generate new data representing the unerupted or erupting teeth in multiple states of eruption based upon the predicted at least one characteristic of the fully erupted teeth, and generate a series of incremental tooth arrangements with the new data to define a proposed orthodontic treatment based on the new data representing the unerupted or erupting teeth in multiple states of eruption.

Abstract: Orthodontic systems and related methods are disclosed for designing and providing improved or more effective tooth moving systems for eliciting a desired tooth movement and/or repositioning teeth into a desired arrangement. Methods and orthodontic systems of the invention include tooth attachments having improved or optimized parameters selected or modified for more optimal and/or effective application of forces for a desired/selected orthodontic movement. Attachments of the present invention can be customized to a particular patient (e.g., patient-customized), a particular movement, and/or a sub-group or sub-set of patients, and configured to engage an orthodontic tooth positioning appliance worn by a patient, where engagement between the attachment and orthodontic appliance results in application of a repositioning force or series/system of forces to the tooth having the attachment and will generally elicit a tooth movement.

Abstract: Methods for and media with instruction to cause acquiring known dimensions of a tooth, applying a multivariant regression model using the known dimensions to calculate projected dimensions of the unerupted or erupting tooth, customizing a standard virtual geometry and/or a predefined virtual geometry using the projected dimensions of the unerupted or erupting tooth, and inserting the customized virtual geometry into a virtual model of the patient's jaw, and planning the movement of the teeth of the patient and designing a series of removable orthodontic aligners using the virtual model, the series of removable orthodontic aligners configured to be worn by the patient to incrementally align the teeth according to the planned movement.

Abstract: Processor elements are described herein. A processor element comprises a silicon layer. The processor element further comprises one or more conductive electrodes. The processor element further comprises dielectric material having a non-uniform thickness, the dielectric material disposed at least between the silicon layer and the one or more conductive electrodes. In use, when a bias potential is applied to one or more of the conductive electrodes, the positioning of the one or more conductive electrodes and the non-uniform thickness of the dielectric material together define an electric field profile to induce a quantum dot at an interface between the silicon layer and the dielectric layer. Methods are also described herein.

Abstract: A set of primer appliances and a set of treatment appliances to be worn by a subject are provided. The primer appliances are first worn to prepare the local environment of the teeth for further repositioning of the teeth by the treatment appliances. The primer appliances may apply compression or force to one or more support structures of the teeth, in a direction favorable for inducing a biological response of the one or more support structures that prepares the teeth for repositioning, for example by relaxing the tissue of the one or more support structures of the teeth. The primer appliances may cause minimal or no repositioning of the teeth. The treatment appliances are worn to reposition the teeth from an initial position to an end position of a treatment stage. The primer appliances can improve the efficiency and accuracy of tooth movement by the treatment appliances.

Abstract: Systems for orthodontic treatments are provided. In some embodiments, a system includes an attachment configured to be coupled to a tooth of a patient, the attachment having a first elasticity. The system can also include an orthodontic appliance having a shell with a plurality of teeth-receiving cavities shaped to reposition the patient's teeth from a first arrangement toward a second arrangement. The shell can have a second elasticity less than the first elasticity. The orthodontic appliance can include an attachment-receiving well formed in the shell. When the orthodontic appliance is worn on the patient's teeth, the attachment-receiving well can engage the attachment to effect a movement of at least one tooth of the patient.