Abstract: An electric machine including a direct current or an alternating current electric motor or generator and having a stator. The stator has an outer circumferential ring of equally spaced magnets. Spaced inwardly radially from the magnets is an inner circumferential ring of equally spaced magnets of opposite polarity to the first ring of magnets. A rotor including a plurality of H shaped energized electromagnetic coils is positioned in the space between the two rings of stator magnets with the rotor connected to a shaft whereby the pole pieces of the H shaped electromagnetic coils are influenced by the magnetic field of the two rings of stator magnets. The direct current machine being arranged to change the direction of electric current flow to the coils of the electromagnets.

Abstract: An improved flat or cylindrical mechanical electric commutator with neutral segments (4) between the current carrying segments which allow the current carrying carbon brushes (11, 12, 13, 14) in a brush holder (7) to pass from a negative current carrying segment to a positive current carrying segment or the opposite charge current in the base of the commutator without allowing the face or any part of the carbon brush to touch both the negative and positive segments in the base of the commutator at the same time, resulting in the switching of the electric current to an energized coil of an electric motor, electrical generator or electric apparatus or device, at predetermined intervals and times to suit the design requirements of the energized coil, electric motor of the stepper, brushless DC and switched design, electric generator or electric apparatus or device, while the commutator can accommodate single phase electrical circuits, double phase electrical circuits, three phase electrical circuits or any numbe

Abstract: An improved flat or cylindrical mechanical electric commutator with neutral segments (4) between the current carrying segments which allow the current carrying carbon brushes (11, 12, 13, 14) in a brush holder (7) to pass from a negative current carrying segment to a positive current carrying segment or the opposite charge current in the base of the commutator without allowing the face or any part of the carbon brush to touch both the negative and positive segments in the base of the commutator at the same time, resulting in the switching of the electric current to an energized coil of an electric motor, electrical generator or electric apparatus or device, at predetermined intervals and times to suit the design requirements of the energized coil, electric motor of the stepper, brushless DC and switched design, electric generator or electric apparatus or device, while the commutator can accommodate single phase electrical circuits, double phase electrical circuits, three phase electrical circuits or any numbe