Abstract: Electrodes and their associated methods of manufacturing are disclosed. An electrode comprises a metal body, a conductive coating, and a metal oxide layer. The metal body is formed from a plurality of compacted metal nanoparticles. The conductive coating is formed on a first side of the metal body. The conductive coating comprises a conductive material. The metal oxide layer is formed on a second side of the metal body. The metal oxide layer includes a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles. The electrode may be used in a supercapacitor. A method for fabricating an electrode comprises synthesizing a plurality of metal nanoparticles, compacting the plurality of metal nanoparticles into a metal body, depositing a conductive coating on a first side of the metal body, and forming a metal oxide layer on a second side of the metal body.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting electromagnetic waves are disclosed. A system for use in detecting an electromagnetic wave includes an inductive device and a spintronic device. The inductive device generates an induced electromagnetic field when the inductive device receives the electromagnetic wave. The spintronic device has an impedance that changes when exposed to the induced electromagnetic field from the inductive device. The change in impedance is indicative of the electromagnetic wave received by the inductive device. Another system for use in detecting or transmitting an electromagnetic wave includes a conductive device and an inductive device. The inductive device is configured to generate an induced electromagnetic wave when the inductive device receives an electromagnetic wave passed by the conductive device. Another system for detecting electromagnetic wave permittivity or permeability of an object includes a pair of antennas and an inductive device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting an electromagnetic wave are provided. A device for use in an electromagnetic wave detector includes a first device layer having a first contact, a second device layer having a second contact, and a tunnel barrier layer and a resonating magnetic layer formed between the first and second device layers. The resonating magnetic layer produces a spin current responsive to an electromagnetic wave that extends into the first and second device layers. A charge differential present between the first and second contacts is dependent on the spin current.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting electromagnetic waves are disclosed. A system for detecting such waves includes a device having a first magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction, a second magnetic layer having an unfixed magnetization direction responsive to the electromagnetic wave, and a barrier layer positioned between the first and second magnetic layers. The device may have an impedance dependent on a relative angle between the fixed magnetization direction and the unfixed magnetization direction. The system further has a detector configured to detect a change in the impedance indicative of the electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic wave may be detected by positioning the device in order to detect the electromagnetic wave, determining a change in the impedance of the device, and detecting the electromagnetic wave based on the change in the impedance of the device. Characteristics of the wave such as frequency, power, and phase may also be detected.

Abstract: Magnetic devices incorporating magnetic composite materials are disclosed. A tunable magnetic device includes magnetic composite material and a magnetic field source. The magnetic composite material includes an insulator and magnetic material embedded in the insulator. The magnetic material has a remanent magnetization. The magnetic field source is operable to apply a magnetic field to the magnetic composite material in order to change the remanent magnetization of the magnetic material. A magnetic device for detecting a magnetic pulse includes magnetic composite material and a sensor. The magnetic composite material includes an insulator and magnetic material embedded in the insulator. The magnetic material has a remanent magnetization. The remanent magnetization changes when the magnetic composite material receives the magnetic pulse. The sensor is positioned to determine the remanent magnetization of the magnetic material.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting electromagnetic waves are disclosed. A system for use in detecting an electromagnetic wave includes an inductive device and a spintronic device. The inductive device generates an induced electromagnetic field when the inductive device receives the electromagnetic wave. The spintronic device has an impedance that changes when exposed to the induced electromagnetic field from the inductive device. The change in impedance is indicative of the electromagnetic wave received by the inductive device. Another system for use in detecting or transmitting an electromagnetic wave includes a conductive device and an inductive device. The inductive device is configured to generate an induced electromagnetic wave when the inductive device receives an electromagnetic wave passed by the conductive device. Another system for detecting electromagnetic wave permittivity or permeability of an object includes a pair of antennas and an inductive device.

Abstract: Magnetic devices incorporating magnetic composite materials are disclosed. A tunable magnetic device includes magnetic composite material and a magnetic field source. The magnetic composite material includes an insulator and magnetic material embedded in the insulator. The magnetic material has a remanent magnetization. The magnetic field source is operable to apply a magnetic field to the magnetic composite material in order to change the remanent magnetization of the magnetic material. A magnetic device for detecting a magnetic pulse includes magnetic composite material and a sensor. The magnetic composite material includes an insulator and magnetic material embedded in the insulator. The magnetic material has a remanent magnetization. The remanent magnetization changes when the magnetic composite material receives the magnetic pulse. The sensor is positioned to determine the remanent magnetization of the magnetic material.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting an electromagnetic wave are provided. A device for use in an electromagnetic wave detector includes a first device layer having a first contact, a second device layer having a second contact, and a tunnel barrier layer and a resonating magnetic layer formed between the first and second device layers. The resonating magnetic layer produces a spin current responsive to an electromagnetic wave that extends into the first and second device layers. A charge differential present between the first and second contacts is dependent on the spin current.

Abstract: Systems and methods for detecting electromagnetic waves are disclosed. A system for detecting such waves includes a device having a first magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction, a second magnetic layer having an unfixed magnetization direction responsive to the electromagnetic wave, and a barrier layer positioned between the first and second magnetic layers. The device may have an impedance dependent on a relative angle between the fixed magnetization direction and the unfixed magnetization direction. The system further has a detector configured to detect a change in the impedance indicative of the electromagnetic wave. The electromagnetic wave may be detected by positioning the device in order to detect the electromagnetic wave, determining a change in the impedance of the device, and detecting the electromagnetic wave based on the change in the impedance of the device. Characteristics of the wave such as frequency, power, and phase may also be detected.

Abstract: A method to fabricate semiconductor nanocrystals which comprises dissolving a metal source in a first solvent that contains at least one functional —OH group to form a mixture and heating the mixture to form a solution 1 and dissolving a X source in a second solvent which contains at least one functional —OH group, to form a solution 2 and mixing solution 2 and then combining solution 2 into solution 1, and heating and separating the solution out, to produce semiconductor nanocrystals.