Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed. The process introduces a feed stream comprising hydrocarbons into a vessel having a refractory lining. The refractory lining comprises a refractory material and reinforcement metallic fibers. The reinforcement metallic fibers comprise about 0.5 wt % to about 8 wt % aluminum, 10 wt % to about 35 wt % chromium, and no less than about 50 wt % iron. The hydrocarbons are converted in the vessel at conversion conditions with or without a catalyst to yield a product stream.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process is disclosed. The process introduces a feed stream comprising hydrocarbons into a vessel having a refractory lining. The refractory lining comprises a refractory material and reinforcement metallic fibers. The reinforcement metallic fibers comprise about 0.5 wt % to about 8 wt % aluminum, 10 wt % to about 35 wt % chromium, and no less than about 50 wt % iron. The hydrocarbons are converted in the vessel at conversion conditions with or without a catalyst to yield a product stream.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for catalytically generating a polyol from biomass are provided. An exemplary method includes the steps of: contacting a feed stream comprising biomass to acid conditions in a first reaction zone, wherein the acid conditions in the first reaction zone are sufficient to hydrolyze a saccharide from the biomass to generate glucose; directing at least a first portion of a first effluent from the first reaction zone to a second reaction zone; and contacting the at least first portion of the first effluent with a first saccharide-to-polyol catalyst system under conditions suitable for catalytic conversion of saccharide to polyol.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for catalytically generating a polyol from whole biomass are provided. An exemplary method includes the steps of: depolymerizing at least a portion of lignin present in a stream that includes whole biomass; generating an effluent that includes depolymerized lignin and a saccharide; separating the effluent to generate a depolymerized lignin stream and a saccharide process stream, wherein the saccharide process stream includes a saccharide and an amount of lignin that is reduced relative to an amount of lignin present the effluent; and contacting the saccharide process stream with a saccharide-to-polyol catalyst system under conditions suitable for the catalytic conversion of saccharide to polyol.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed that achieve a high conversion of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons, and that may be carried out without the addition of a base. Depolymerization and deoxygenation, the desired lignin convention steps to yield aromatic hydrocarbons, are carried by contacting a mixture of lignin and a solvent (e.g., a lignin slurry) with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. A preferred solvent is a hydrogen transfer solvent such as a single-ring or fused-ring aromatic compound that beneficially facilitates depolymerization and hinders coke formation. These advantages result in favorable overall process economics for obtaining fuel components and/or chemicals from renewable sources.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for producing an aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent are provided herein. The method comprises the step of rapidly heating a biomass-based feedstock to a first predetermined temperature of from about 300 to about 650° C. in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen, and an organic solvent within a time period of about 20 minutes or less to form the aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent. The biomass-based feedstock comprises lignocellulosic material, lignin, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed that achieve a high conversion of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons, and that may be carried out without the addition of a base. Depolymerization and deoxygenation, the desired lignin convention steps to yield aromatic hydrocarbons, are carried by contacting a mixture of lignin and a solvent (e.g., a lignin slurry) with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. A preferred solvent is a hydrogen transfer solvent such as a single-ring or fused-ring aromatic compound that beneficially facilitates depolymerization and hinders coke formation. These advantages result in favorable overall process economics for obtaining fuel components and/or chemicals from renewable sources.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for producing an aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent are provided herein. The method comprises the step of rapidly heating a biomass-based feedstock to a first predetermined temperature of from about 300 to about 650° C. in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen, and an organic solvent within a time period of about 20 minutes or less to form the aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent. The biomass-based feedstock comprises lignocellulosic material, lignin, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for producing an aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent are provided herein. The method comprises the step of rapidly heating a biomass-based feedstock to a first predetermined temperature of from about 300 to about 650° C. in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen, and an organic solvent within a time period of about 20 minutes or less to form the aromatic hydrocarbon-containing effluent. The biomass-based feedstock comprises lignocellulosic material, lignin, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed that achieve a high conversion of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons, and that may be carried out without the addition of a base. Depolymerization and deoxygenation, the desired lignin convention steps to yield aromatic hydrocarbons, are carried by contacting a mixture of lignin and a solvent (e.g., a lignin slurry) with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. A preferred solvent is a hydrogen transfer solvent such as a single-ring or fused-ring aromatic compound that beneficially facilitates depolymerization and hinders coke formation. These advantages result in favorable overall process economics for obtaining fuel components and/or chemicals from renewable sources.