Abstract: Abstracting data that originates from different sensors and transducers using artificial neural networks. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network and outputting a collection of digits. The topological patterns are responsive to an input, into the recurrent artificial neural network, of first data originating from a first sensor and second data originating from a second sensor. Each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic shared by the first data and the second data. The first and second sensors sense different data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for image processing that involves annotating landmarks on real two-dimensional images. In one aspect, the methods include generating a training set of images of an object for landmark detection. This includes receiving a collection of real images of an object, estimating a pose of the object in each real image in a proper subset of the collection of real images, creating a collection of surrogate images of the object for the training set using the estimated poses and a three-dimensional model of the object.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for annotation of 3D models with signs of use that are visible in 2D images. In one aspect, methods are performed by data processing apparatus. The methods can include projecting signs of use in a relatively larger field of view image of an instance of an object onto a 3D model of the object based on a pose of the instance in the relatively larger field of view image, and estimating a relative pose of the instance of the object in a relatively smaller field of view image based on matches between the signs of use in the relatively larger field of view image and the same signs of use in the relatively smaller field of view image.

Abstract: Abstracting data that originates from different sensors and transducers using artificial neural networks. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network and outputting a collection of digits. The topological patterns are responsive to an input, into the recurrent artificial neural network, of first data originating from a first sensor and second data originating from a second sensor. Each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic shared by the first data and the second data. The first and second sensors sense different data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: Distance metrics and clustering in recurrent neural networks. For example, a method includes determining whether topological patterns of activity in a collection of topological patterns occur in a recurrent artificial neural network in response to input of first data into the recurrent artificial neural network, and determining a distance between the first data and either second data or a reference based on the topological patterns of activity that are determined to occur in response to the input of the first data.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of different windows of time in a recurrent artificial neural network, wherein each of the different windows has different durations, has different start times, or has both different durations and different start times, identifying occurrences of topological patterns of activity in the recurrent artificial neural network in the different windows of time, comparing the occurrences of the topological patterns of activity in the different windows, and classifying, based on a result of the comparison, a first decision that is represented by a first topological pattern of activity that occurs in a first of the windows as less robust than a second decision that is represented by a second topological pattern of activity that occurs in a second of the windows.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for image processing that involves annotating landmarks on real two-dimensional images. In one aspect, the methods include generating a training set of images of an object for landmark detection. This includes receiving a collection of real images of an object, estimating a pose of the object in each real image in a proper subset of the collection of real images, creating a collection of surrogate images of the object for the training set using the estimated poses and a three-dimensional model of the object.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of different windows of time in a recurrent artificial neural network, wherein each of the different windows has different durations, has different start times, or has both different durations and different start times, identifying occurrences of topological patterns of activity in the recurrent artificial neural network in the different windows of time, comparing the occurrences of the topological patterns of activity in the different windows, and classifying, based on a result of the comparison, a first decision that is represented by a first topological pattern of activity that occurs in a first of the windows as less robust than a second decision that is represented by a second topological pattern of activity that occurs in a second of the windows.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for annotation of 3D models with signs of use that are visible in 2D images. In one aspect, methods are performed by data processing apparatus. The methods can include projecting signs of use in a relatively larger field of view image of an instance of an object onto a 3D model of the object based on a pose of the instance in the relatively larger field of view image, and estimating a relative pose of the instance of the object in a relatively smaller field of view image based on matches between the signs of use in the relatively larger field of view image and the same signs of use in the relatively smaller field of view image.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for image processing that involves annotating landmarks on real two-dimensional images. In one aspect, the methods include generating a training set of images of an object for landmark detection. This includes receiving a collection of real images of an object, estimating a pose of the object in each real image in a proper subset of the collection of real images, creating a collection of surrogate images of the object for the training set using the estimated poses and a three-dimensional model of the object.

Abstract: Application of the output from a recurrent artificial neural network to a variety of different applications. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network, outputting a collection of digits, and inputting a first digit of the collection to a first application that is designed to fulfil a first purpose and to a second application that is designed to fulfil a second purpose, wherein the first purpose differs from the second purpose. The topological patterns are responsive to an input of data into the recurrent artificial neural network and each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic of the input data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: Abstracting data that originates from different sensors and transducers using artificial neural networks. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network and outputting a collection of digits. The topological patterns are responsive to an input, into the recurrent artificial neural network, of first data originating from a first sensor and second data originating from a second sensor. Each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic shared by the first data and the second data. The first and second sensors sense different data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: Application of the output from a recurrent artificial neural network to a variety of different applications. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network, outputting a collection of digits, and inputting a first digit of the collection to a first application that is designed to fulfil a first purpose and to a second application that is designed to fulfil a second purpose, wherein the first purpose differs from the second purpose. The topological patterns are responsive to an input of data into the recurrent artificial neural network and each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic of the input data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for annotation of 3D models with signs of use that are visible in 2D images. In one aspect, methods are performed by data processing apparatus. The methods can include projecting signs of use in a relatively larger field of view image of an instance of an object onto a 3D model of the object based on a pose of the instance in the relatively larger field of view image, and estimating a relative pose of the instance of the object in a relatively smaller field of view image based on matches between the signs of use in the relatively larger field of view image and the same signs of use in the relatively smaller field of view image.

Abstract: Distance metrics and clustering in recurrent neural networks. For example, a method includes determining whether topological patterns of activity in a collection of topological patterns occur in a recurrent artificial neural network in response to input of first data into the recurrent artificial neural network, and determining a distance between the first data and either second data or a reference based on the topological patterns of activity that are determined to occur in response to the input of the first data.

Abstract: Abstracting data that originates from different sensors and transducers using artificial neural networks. A method can include identifying topological patterns of activity in a recurrent artificial neural network and outputting a collection of digits. The topological patterns are responsive to an input, into the recurrent artificial neural network, of first data originating from a first sensor and second data originating from a second sensor. Each topological pattern abstracts a characteristic shared by the first data and the second data. The first and second sensors sense different data. Each digit represents whether one of the topological patterns of activity has been identified in the artificial neural network.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of different windows of time in a recurrent artificial neural network, wherein each of the different windows has different durations, has different start times, or has both different durations and different start times, identifying occurrences of topological patterns of activity in the recurrent artificial neural network in the different windows of time, comparing the occurrences of the topological patterns of activity in the different windows, and classifying, based on a result of the comparison, a first decision that is represented by a first topological pattern of activity that occurs in a first of the windows as less robust than a second decision that is represented by a second topological pattern of activity that occurs in a second of the windows.

Abstract: A method includes defining a plurality of different windows of time in a recurrent artificial neural network, wherein each of the different windows has different durations, has different start times, or has both different durations and different start times, identifying occurrences of topological patterns of activity in the recurrent artificial neural network in the different windows of time, comparing the occurrences of the topological patterns of activity in the different windows, and classifying, based on a result of the comparison, a first decision that is represented by a first topological pattern of activity that occurs in a first of the windows as less robust than a second decision that is represented by a second topological pattern of activity that occurs in a second of the windows.

Abstract: Distance metrics and clustering in recurrent neural networks. For example, a method includes determining whether topological patterns of activity in a collection of topological patterns occur in a recurrent artificial neural network in response to input of first data into the recurrent artificial neural network, and determining a distance between the first data and either second data or a reference based on the topological patterns of activity that are determined to occur in response to the input of the first data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for annotation of 3D models with signs of use that are visible in 2D images. In one aspect, methods are performed by data processing apparatus. The methods can include projecting signs of use in a relatively larger field of view image of an instance of an object onto a 3D model of the object based on a pose of the instance in the relatively larger field of view image, and estimating a relative pose of the instance of the object in a relatively smaller field of view image based on matches between the signs of use in the relatively larger field of view image and the same signs of use in the relatively smaller field of view image.