Abstract: Methods for constructing multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) antenna arrays, may include: variable doping of the MWCNTs, forming light pipes with layers of variable dielectric glass, forming geometric diodes on full-wave rectified devices that propagate both electrons and holes, using clear conductive ground plans to form windows that can control a building's internal temperature, and generating multiple lithographic patterns with a single mask.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of forming a superconductor, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate and exposing the substrate to a first atmosphere, including precursors to form a first epitaxial layer segment. The first layer segment is then exposed to a second atmosphere, including precursors to form a second epitaxial layer segment, and the second layer segment is exposed to a third atmosphere including precursors to form a third epitaxial layer segment. Each of the first and third layer segments are each formed from a superconductor material and the second layer segment is formed from a material different from the first and third layer segments and the first, second and third layer segments have a collective thickness, the third layer segment having an outer surface with a roughness which is less than that of a single layer of the superconductor material with a thickness equal to the collective thickness.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of forming a superconductor, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate and exposing the substrate to a first atmosphere, including precursors to form a first epitaxial layer segment. The first layer segment is then exposed to a second atmosphere, including precursors to form a second epitaxial layer segment, and the second layer segment is exposed to a third atmosphere including precursors to form a third epitaxial layer segment. Each of the first and third layer segments are each formed from a superconductor material and the second layer segment is formed from a material different from the first and third layer segments and the first, second and third layer segments have a collective thickness, the third layer segment having an outer surface with a roughness which is less than that of a single layer of the superconductor material with a thickness equal to the collective thickness.

Abstract: A composite high Tc superconductor film is applied to a substrate, said film as applied having a thickness of at least 5000 Angstrom and an outer surface having an average roughness not exceeding 250 Angstrom.

Abstract: A low insertion loss, wide bandwidth, microwave switch has a superconducting transmission line that can reversibly go from a superconducting state to a normal state by the application of a DC voltage. When in the normal state, the switch is "off" and microwave signals are attenuated. To reduce the voltage necessary to cause switching, the width of the transmission line is decreased. This decrease in voltage is accomplished in a controlled manner so that there are no spurious reflections produced on the line, resulting in a wide operating bandwidth. Previous microwave switches use other means to switch between superconducting and normal and suffer from disadvantages such as relatively slow switching time, complexity or narrow bandwidths as a result.

Abstract: A process for the extraction of metal values, in particular divalent metal ions such as copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese from aqueous solutions thereof which may be well in the acid range for example of pH 2 to 4. Extraction is effected using known organophosphorus or carboxylic acid extractants but in combination with non-chelating oximes, preferably of aldehydes wherein the alpha-carbon atom is primary or secondary. A synergistic effect between the extractant and oxime enables extraction to take place at a lower pH than heretofore thereby saving in acid and neutralizing agents in many instances.

Abstract: Cuprous (Copper (I)) chloride is an intermediate for the production of copper metal concentrates. A method of purifying copper salts and particularly cuprous chloride is disclosed which involves utilizing the solubility of cuprous chloride and other copper salts in a mixture of water and acetonitrile of 2-hydroxycyanoethane or acrylonitrile and the ability of cuprous chloride to precipitate when the organic component of the mixture is distilled off. The electrolysis of cuprous chloride in water containing at least 10 grams per litre of copper (I), acid and between 5% and 50% by volume of a water soluble organic nitrile such as acetonitrile or 2-hydroxycyanoethane is also disclosed.