Abstract: A heat transfer unit for transferring heat between an object and a flowing fluid, comprising a plurality of elongated loops of heat conducting material in the form of a spiral, each elongated loop having a first end and a second end, the first end of each loop connected in a closely spaced apart relationship to the first end of an adjacent loop, the second end of each loop connected in a closely spaced apart relationship to the second end of an adjacent loop.

Abstract: A heat transfer apparatus for transferring heat between an object and a flowing fluid, comprising a plurality of fluid transmissive heat transfer units arranged in a splayed array for transferring heat between an object in contact with the splayed array and a fluid flowing from and to a plurality of interdigitated counterpropagating streams.

Abstract: A manifold for directing and channeling the flow of fluid to and from a plurality of interdigitated counterpropagating flowing streams, comprising a continuous folded sheet enclosing a volume, where one aperture in the volume serves as an exit or entrance for a single fluid stream, and a plurality of apertures serve as entrances or exits respectively for a plurality of streams flowing in a first direction, the plurality of streams interdigitated with a plurality of streams flowing in the opposite direction.