Abstract: Systems, devices, and methods are provided for generating machine code for a second execution environment based on bytecode generated for a first execution environment. A method may comprise steps to obtain a set of bytecode instructions executable in a first execution environment, parse the set of bytecode instructions to determine at least one stack-based class object, determine an intermediate representation (IR) of the set of bytecode instructions, wherein the intermediate representation comprising at least one single static assignment (SSA)-based representation that corresponds to the at least one stack-based class object, and translate the intermediate representation into machine code that is executable in the second execution environment. For example, Java bytecode generated to run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) may be translated to machine code that runs in an execution environment that lacks or otherwise restricts the use of a JVM.