Abstract: An exhaust silencer for a motor vehicle is provided. In one example, the silencer comprises a noise-reducing structure and a heat sink to transfer heat from exhaust gases to the exterior of the silencer, the heat sink comprising two regions of fins which define a plurality of flow channels through the heat sink, the flow channels directing the flow of exhaust through the silencer from an inlet passage to an outlet passage. In this way, a temperature of the exhaust is reduced, and the silencer and downstream components of an exhaust system may be constructed of materials of a lower thermal tolerance.

Abstract: An exhaust silencer for a motor vehicle is provided. In one example, the silencer comprises a noise-reducing structure and a heat sink to transfer heat from exhaust gases to the exterior of the silencer, the heat sink comprising two regions of fins which define a plurality of flow channels through the heat sink, the flow channels directing the flow of exhaust through the silencer from an inlet passage to an outlet passage. In this way, a temperature of the exhaust is reduced, and the silencer and downstream components of an exhaust system may be constructed of materials of a lower thermal tolerance.

Abstract: A Hybrid Distributed Network Language Translation (HDNLT) system having a distributed network of human and machine translators that communicate electronically and provide for the translation of material in source language. Individual translators receive a reputation that reflects their translation competency, reliability and accuracy. An individual translator's reputation is adjusted dynamically with feedback from other translators and/or comparison of their translation results to translations from those with known high reputation and to the final translation results. Additionally, translations are produced statistically, first by breaking input source text into fragments, sending each fragment redundantly to a number of translators with varying levels of reputation.

Abstract: A Hybrid Distributed Network Language Translation (HDNLT) system having a distributed network of human and machine translators that communicate electronically and provide for the translation of material in source language. Individual translators receive a reputation that reflects their translation competency, reliability and accuracy. An individual translator's reputation is adjusted dynamically with feedback from other translators and/or comparison of their translation results to translations from those with known high reputation and to the final translation results. Additionally, translations are produced statistically, first by breaking input source text into fragments, sending each fragment redundantly to a number of translators with varying levels of reputation.