Abstract: An ink for forming nanofiber fuel cell electrodes, and methods of ink formulations, and membrane-electrode-assemblies for electrochemical devices. The ink includes a first amount of a catalyst, a second amount of an ionomer in a salt form, and a third amount of a carrier polymer dispersed in one or more solvents, where a weight ratio of the first amount to the second and third amounts is in a range of about 1-1.5, and a weight ratio of the second amount to the third amount is in a range of about 1-3. The ink has a solids concentration in a range of about 1-30 wt %. Preferably, the solids concentration is in a range of about 10-15%.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electric field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode, wherein the electrodes are multiple interlaced mesh electrodes (210, 230) comprising multiple main lines (211, 212, 213, 214, 215) being connected to other multiple main lines through multiple interconnections (221, 241, 242, 222, 223, 243).

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to a content matching system (101) comprising a first device (100), a matching server (300), and a second device (200). The content matching system enables the second device to consume content matching with content which is consumable on the first device, even if the first and second devices do not have access to the same streaming service.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.

Abstract: Improved membrane electrode assemblies, cation-associating components thereof, and methods of making and treating the same are provided. Membrane electrode assemblies may include an ionomer having a first pKa value, and a water-insoluble net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group, wherein the weakly-acidic functional group has a second pKa value greater than the first pKa value.

Abstract: Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.

Abstract: Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Abstract: Some embodiments relate to a content matching system (101) comprising a first device (100), a matching server (300), and a second device (200). The content matching system enables the second device to consume content matching with content which is consumable on the first device, even if the first and second devices do not have access to the same streaming service.

Abstract: Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.

Abstract: Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.

Abstract: An ink for forming nanofiber fuel cell electrodes, and methods of ink formulations, and membrane-electrode-assemblies for electrochemical devices. The ink includes a first amount of a catalyst, a second amount of an ionomer in a salt form, and a third amount of a carrier polymer dispersed in one or more solvents, where a weight ratio of the first amount to the second and third amounts is in a range of about 1-1.5, and a weight ratio of the second amount to the third amount is in a range of about 1-3. The ink has a solids concentration in a range of about 1-30 wt %. Preferably, the solids concentration is in a range of about 10-15%.