Abstract: A method for dynamically generating or interacting with an electromagnetic field includes providing a spatial array of conductive segments, a switching device operable on each of the conductive segments to either allow or block transmission of an electrical signal and a control device operable on the switching device. A sequence of the conductive segments are connected to form a conductive path where each segments intersects with at least two different ones of the conductive segments at a node. The switching device operates to connect a selected first one of the conductive segments with a selected second one of the conductive segments to form the sequence according to a logic signal from the control device. Power is supplied to the conductive path to produce an electromagnetic field which depends at least in part on the spatial arrangement of the connected sequence of the conductive segments.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: An optically thin sample of a sample material is analyzed by propagating probe electromagnetic radiation from a beam source along a plurality of different ray paths, directing each ray so that each ray path intersects upon the sample at a plurality of different locations where the rays interact with the sample material to cause a modification of the ray. The rays received at each of a plurality of detection spatial region are measured separately and the measurements analyzed to provide information about at least one property of the sample material at each interaction location. An analysis is carried out to trace the path of probe radiation from a location at the probe beam source to the detection spatial region on the detection surface so as to identify the interaction locations so as to provide information about the presence of target material at each interaction location.

Abstract: A method for measuring a property of radiation from different sources such as moving particles or different spatial locations on each particle includes providing a spatial modulator common to all of the sources having a sequence of configurations, each of which configurations causes the radiation flux to pass along paths to respective modulation ports and cycling the common spatial modulator past each of the modulation ports so that the sequence of configurations is applied to each modulation port. The sequence of configurations comprises an ordered array of optical elements on a substrate. In one embodiment, the modulator is arranged in a circle around an axis of rotation of a rotating singulation disk. At least one source is a reference source which has not interacted with the source to be analyzed and the sample and reference sources are compared.

Abstract: Information relating to a target molecule in a sample volume containing sample molecules is obtained by applying a sequence of temporally varying fields in a field direction to the sample volume caused by acoustic forces and/or by electromagnetic fields where the sequence of temporally varying fields is chosen to produce a sequence of at least two different perturbed molecular configurations for said target molecule in the sample and where the perturbed molecular configurations are at least in part correlated with the direction of said applied fields. A sequence of probe radiation is applied on the sample molecules and interaction radiation is collected for measuring amplitudes of the interaction radiation collected for a plurality of directions and/or polarizations which are related to the field direction. Where reference spectra are available from previous experiments, the method can be used for identifying a target molecule in the sample volume.

Abstract: A biological sample is analyzed for presence of a causing agent such as a virus, bacteria or cancer which generates a series of different states in the sample. The sample is separated into sub-samples where at least some of the sub-samples include portions of the sample at different states. Electromagnetic radiation interacts with the samples to obtain a spectrum of sub-sample properties which is compared with a plurality of reference spectra obtained from testing a plurality of sub-samples in respective ones of the different states to calculate a population distribution of the states of the sub-samples to obtain information about the causing agent. The population distribution can be analyzed at a single time or temporally over time to generate data relating to an effect of the causing agent. The population distribution is compared with a plurality of reference population distributions to generate data identifying the causing agent.

Abstract: An optically thin sample of a sample material is analyzed by propagating probe electromagnetic radiation from a beam source along a plurality of different ray paths, directing each ray so that each ray path intersects upon the sample at a plurality of different locations where the rays interact with the sample material to cause a modification of the ray. The rays received at each of a plurality of detection spatial region are measured separately and the measurements analyzed to provide information about at least one property of the sample material at each interaction location. An analysis is carried out to trace the path of probe radiation from a location at the probe beam source to the detection spatial region on the detection surface so as to identify the interaction locations so as to provide information about the presence of target material at each interaction location.

Abstract: A support apparatus for supporting a trocar while the trocar extends through a body wall of a patient includes an inflatable collar and a slidable abutment collar commonly connected for engagement onto the trocar following which the slide collar is released to slide along the trocar. The inflatable collar is inflated to a set size by a manually operable pump on the slidable collar operated by squeezing finger abutments together up to a latch so that threaded portion expels the inflation fluid. The abutment member is shaped to be received on an outer surface of the trocar and adjustable longitudinally of the trocar sleeve so as to be located at a selected position by a manually movable latch collar. The inflatable collar and slidably collar are held connected by a manually operable release.

Abstract: A method for measuring a property of radiation from different sources such as moving particles or different spatial locations on each particle includes providing a spatial modulator common to all of the sources having a sequence of configurations, each of which configurations causes the radiation flux to pass along paths to respective modulation ports and cycling the common spatial modulator past each of the modulation ports so that the sequence of configurations is applied to each modulation port. The sequence of configurations comprises an ordered array of optical elements on a substrate. In one embodiment, the modulator is arranged in a circle around an axis of rotation of a rotating singulation disk. At least one source is a reference source which has not interacted with the source to be analyzed and the sample and reference sources are compared.

Abstract: A method to increase a probability of interaction of one molecule with a second molecule includes applying a sequence of temporally varying perturbations by acoustic forces and/or by electromagnetic fields or any combination thereof in at least two non-aligned directions to a volume containing the molecules. The sequence of temporally varying perturbations is chosen to produce a sequence of perturbed molecular configurations for the molecule in the volume and the sequence of perturbations is selected so as to cause the increase in probability. Initially data is obtained relating to orientations of the molecules and the sequence is selected based on the data. The data can be obtained by observation or by creating a known orientation using selected fields.

Abstract: Information relating to a target molecule in a sample volume containing sample molecules is obtained by applying a sequence of temporally varying fields in a field direction to the sample volume caused by acoustic forces and/or by electromagnetic fields where the sequence of temporally varying fields is chosen to produce a sequence of at least two different perturbed molecular configurations for said target molecule in the sample and where the perturbed molecular configurations are at least in part correlated with the direction of said applied fields. A sequence of probe radiation is applied on the sample molecules and interaction radiation is collected for measuring amplitudes of the interaction radiation collected for a plurality of directions and/or polarizations which are related to the field direction. Where reference spectra are available from previous experiments, the method can be used for identifying a target molecule in the sample volume.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A flow through photochemistry apparatus and methods of use are disclosed in the present application. One or more reactant materials are passed through a reaction chamber and are exposed to electromagnetic radiation. The reaction chamber has reflective walls arranged to reflect electromagnetic radiation across the volume of the chamber a plurality of times, thereby increasing the probability of the electromagnetic radiation interacting with the reactive materials. The reaction chamber may be used for sterilization and photochemistry applications.

Abstract: A method is provided for measuring time varying particle fluxes with improved temporal resolution and signal to noise ratio. The particles can be photons, neutrons, electrons or electrically charged particles. The method includes a set of electronic and/or optical components and a set of algorithms that implement N-fold temporal multiplexing of the input flux. The system can be used to measure other types of flux by using a transducer to convert the flux into a compatible form. The system can include a transducer such as a scintillator that operates to convert particle flux incident into a photon flux proportional to the amplitude of particle flux. The invention can be used with multiplexing methods known to those skilled in the art, for example Hadamard and Fourier methods.

Abstract: A method is provided for spatially modulating electromagnetic radiation at high frequency where the modulation is phase, polarization or direction of propagation comprises a substrate carrying an ordered array of optical elements in relative motion with respect to an incident beam of electromagnetic radiation to be modulated and measuring the relative motion. The array contains at least three optical elements and at least two different types of optical elements. At least some of the optical elements are formed from and integral to the substrate material. The optical elements may be fabricated on the substrate material by a subtractive process. The electromagnetic radiation to be modulated is incident on a region of the substrate termed the active region. As the substrate moves relative to the incident electromagnetic radiation, the active region also moves and the designation of individual optical elements changes also.