Abstract: A sensing element for sensing the concentration of an analyte in a medium is disclosed. The sensing element comprises a matrix material having at least one indicator component covalently bonded thereto. The indicator component is capable of providing a signal dependent on the concentration of a analyte in a medium. The indicator component is derived from at least one indicator compound having an aromatic ring to which is directly bonded a group including a functional portion which is conjugated relative to this aromatic ring.

Abstract: A catalyst having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R is zero or an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and wherein P is a polystyrene polymer backbone, where the 6-member ring is part of the polymer. The catalyst is useful for converting olefins to aldehydes in high yield under reaction temperatures of from about 90.degree. to 140.degree. C. and pressures of about 300 to about 5000 psig in the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide yielding gases, and preferably polymer swelling solvents such as benzene, THF and toluene. The catalyst is also useful in hydrogenation reactions.

Abstract: A catalyst of the general structure P --M Cl.sub.3 wherein M is rhodium or iridium and P is a heterocyclic nitrogen-containing polymer has been found to be an effective heterogeneous hydroformylation catalyst at temperatures of from about 60.degree. to about 150.degree. C. and H.sub.2 /CO gas pressures of from about 300 to about 3500 psig for most primary and internal olefins, producing an increased amount of linear normal aldehydes. When the reactor gas is altered to hydrogen, the catalyst further converts aldehydes formed by hydroformylation to alcohols under the same reaction conditions. The catalyst is oxygen stable, heterogeneous, and easily recovered.

Abstract: Catalysts of the general structure ##STR1## have been found to be effective heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts at temperature of from about 60.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. and hydrogen to carbon monoxide (H.sub.2 /CO) gas pressures of from about 100 to about 3500 psig for both primary and internal olefins. The process produces an increased amount of linear normal aldehydes. At the completion of the hydroformylation reaction, the reactor gas can be altered to essentially pure hydrogen and the catalyst then further converts aldehyde formed by the hydroformylation reaction to alcohols under the same reaction conditions. The copolymer support acts as a ligand and allows the catalyst to be easily recovered.

Abstract: Rhodium (I) and Iridium compounds covalently bound directly to inorganic oxide polymers such as silica gel, alumina, silica-titania, aluminosilicates and open-lattice clays are air-stable and have high hydroformylation activity converting all classes of olefins to aldehydes under hydrogen/carbon monoxide atmospheres at pressures of from about 100 to 1500 psig and about 90.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. The catalysts have the structureP .sub.(.tbd.) A--O--M.rarw.(CO).sub.nwherein A is silica, titanium alumina, M is rhodium or iridium, n is 2 or 3, respectively, and P is an inorganic oxide polymer. The catalyst is also effective to hydrogenate the resulting aldehyde to alcohols under the same conditions and a hydrogen atmosphere.

Abstract: Polymer-bound bis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium or iridium carbonyl halide can be activated for use as a hydroformylation catalyst by treatment with a non-complexing base, particularly NaBPh.sub.4 (where Ph=phenyl or C.sub.6 H.sub.5 moiety) in a suitable polar solvent for an appropriate period of time. Such treated compounds are immediately active as hydroformylation catalysts under reaction conditions of about 50 to about 3500 psig of a hydrogen-carbon monoxide gas mixture and about 60.degree. to about 150.degree. C. temperature.

Abstract: A catalyst having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R is zero or an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and wherein P is a polystyrene polymer backbone, where the 6-member ring is part of the polymer. The catalyst is useful for converting olefins to aldehydes in high yield under reaction temperatures of from about 90.degree. to 140.degree. C. and pressures of about 300 to about 5000 psig in the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide yielding gases, and preferably polymer swelling solvents such as benzene, THF and toluene. The catalyst is also useful in hydrogenation reactions.

Abstract: A catalyst of the general structure ##STR1## is an effective hydroformylation catalyst at temperatures of from about 60.degree. to about 150.degree. C. and hydrogen carbon monoxide gas pressures of from about 300 to about 3500 psig for both primary and internal olefins producing an increased amount of linear normal aldehydes through olefin isomerization. When the reactor gas is altered to essentially pure hydrogen, the catalyst further converts aldehydes formed by hydroformylation to alcohols under the same reaction conditions. The catalyst is air insensitive, stable, and highly recoverable by simple means. P is a heterocyclic nitrogen-containing polymer with available pyridine linkages and n is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Olefins are converted to aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst having the general formula ##STR1## wherein M is rhodium or iridium, P is a polyvinylpyridine/dimethylbenzene copolymer, and n is 1 to 3. Internal olefins are isomerized in appreciable extent to primary olefins, then hydroformylated to primary aldehydes.

Abstract: A catalyst of the general structure P --M Cl.sub.3 wherein M is rhodium or iridium and P is a heterocyclic nitrogen-containing polymer has been found to be an effective heterogeneous hydroformylation catalyst at temperatures of from about 60.degree. to about 150.degree. C. and H.sub.2 /CO gas pressures of from about 300 to about 3500 psig for most primary and internal olefins, producing an increased amount of linear normal aldehydes. When the reactor gas is altered to hydrogen, the catalyst further converts aldehydes formed by hydroformylation to alcohols under the same reaction conditions. The catalyst is oxygen stable, heterogeneous, and easily recovered.

Abstract: A catalyst having the structural formula ##STR1## wherein R is 0 or an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and wherein P is a polystyrene polymer backbone, where the 6-member ring is part of the polymer. The catalyst is useful for converting olefins to aldehydes in high yield under reaction temperatures of from about 90.degree. to 140.degree. C. and pressures of about 300 to about 5000 psig in the presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide yielding gases, and preferably polymer swelling solvents such as benzene, THF and toluene. The catalyst is also useful in hydrogenation reactions.