Abstract: A method and apparatus for protecting the seed laser a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light system are disclosed. An isolation stage positioned on an optical path diverts light reflected from further components in the LPP EUV light system from reaching the seed laser. The isolation stage comprises two AOMs that are separated by a delay line. The AOMs, when open, direct light onto the optical path and, when closed, direct light away from the optical path. The delay introduced by the delay line is determined so that the opening and the closing of the AOMs can be timed to direct a forward-moving pulse onto the optical path and to divert reflected light at other times. The isolation stage can be positioned between gain elements to prevent amplified reflected light from reaching the seed laser and other potentially harmful effects.

Abstract: Apparatus for supplying a mixture of oxidizer and fuel to an internal-combustion engine includes a frame supporting oxidizer supply lines and fuel supply lines, the frame being mounted above an intake manifold and below the engine's carburetor. Discharge ports in the oxidizer and fuel supply lines are positioned so that a high-velocity flow of oxidizer entrains and atomizes a stream of fuel from an adjacent fuel-discharge port; each oxidizer port is aimed toward the mouth of a passage in the intake manifold so the stream of mixed oxidizer and fuel is directed into the passage without reducing the level of vacuum in the intake manifold plenum and so that the stream of oxidizer and fuel urges increased amounts of fuel-air mixture from the carburetor into the passage.

Abstract: A nitrous oxide nozzle for inserting a mixture of oxidizer and fuel into a passage of an engine's intake manifold has two inlet ports, each of which communicate with a conduit. A nitrous oxide conduit vents into the apex of a bell-shaped emitter, and a fuel conduit vents into a side portion of an atomizing cavity adjacent the emitter, so that high-pressure nitrous oxide gas flowing through the emitter entrains fuel flowing through the fuel conduit, then atomizes the fuel and mixes with the fuel. The bell shape of the emitter provides improved mixing of fuel with the nitrous oxide; the discharged fuel/oxidizer mixture from the emitter is introduced into air flowing through an engine's intake manifold, and is conveyed to a cylinder for burning.

Abstract: An electronic system and method including a user programmable thermostat for measuring temperature at the situs of the measurement unit and for signaling and controlling a remotely located energy controller which is connected to the programmable thermostat. By utilizing a multiplexed signal communication channel between the programmable thermostat and the energy controller, the energy controller activates preselected energy using units which may, for example, include a furnace and air conditioning units for controlling the temperature at the measurement unit situs and a power shedder unit for shedding energy usage to conserve energy all in accordance with a user provided program.