Abstract: Described are non-swelling, crosslinked, bead forms of ampholytic base polymers that can be utilized in the chromatographic-type separation of acids from other compounds. Preferred polymers are prepared by modifying a poly-2 or poly-4-vinylpyridine resin crosslinked with divinylbenzene.

Abstract: Described are processes for producing citrate esters in, an economic fashion. Esters are prepared by esterification of a citric acid-containing fermentation broth having been treated to remove cations and optionally other impurities, but containing sugar(s). Esters are also prepared by reacting an impure aqueous citric acid source with an alcohol to provide a heterogeneous aqueous/organic reacted mixture, wherein the organic phase contains the ester and the aqueous phase retains water-soluble impurities. A liquid phase separation is then used to separate the organic and aqueous phases, conveniently separating the impurities from the product and avoiding the energy-intensive distillation of water from the reaction medium.

Abstract: A low-temperature corrosion inhibited deicing composition is disclosed which comprises a major portion of magnesium chloride and an effective amount of an inhibitor including a polyphosphate salt to reduce corrosion, or a solution thereof. The solution form is preferred. Additional preferred aspects are provided where the inhibitor also includes a zinc-containing salt, and where the deicing composition is free from (or at least substantially so) chloride ions other than those due to the magnesium chloride. A method for low-temperature deicing of bridgework is described which includes the use of the inhibited deicing composition.