Abstract: New compounds useful as bleach activators as well as new percarboxylic acids, which may be formed as intermediates upon reaction of such activators with peroxygen bleach source in aqueous solution, include nitrogen-containing heterocyclic groups. Preferred activators are symmetrical derivatives of dibasic carboxylic acids, having N,N'diacyl N-heterocyclic groups usually lactams. They are produced by reaction of 2 moles of the lactam with one mole of dibasic acid chloride or anhydride.

Abstract: An improvement in the process of granulating bleach activator using an organic binder selected from starch and cellulose derivatives polyacrylates, polymaleates and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, the process comprising dry mixing particulate activator and at least a portion of the binder in particulate form and then moistening the mixture with a granulating liquid, comprises using as granulating liquid an aqueous solution of a granulating aid which is a sequestrant optionally combined with a water-soluble inorganic salt. The granules are then dried. The product has improved activity in laundry detergents especially in low temperature wash and cold fill conditions.

Abstract: The chewing tobacco composition contains 25 to 40% by weight cut tobacco, 0.1 to 10% by weight powdered cellulose pulp and 60 to 75% by weight casing solids. The use of powdered cellulose pulp in the composition provides for an increase in the amount of casing solids in the composition. The method entails dipping the cut tobacco into a casing solution composition containing 40% by weight water and 0.5 to 4.0% by weight powdered cellulose pulp.

Abstract: A miniature plug of chewing tobacco made from 25 to 80% by weight tobacco on a dry basis and 75 to 20% casing solids and having a tensile strength of greater than 150 g/cm is disclosed. The high tensile strength allows for the miniature plug to be satisfactorily processed. Such a plug can be made with the use of gelatin in the casing solution. The casing includes as an essential element gelatin.

Abstract: There is described a process for the production of 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene of formula I, ##STR1## which comprises treatment of beta naphthol with an absorbant, removal of the absorbant and selective hydrogenation of the resulting beta naphthol, preferably in a solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions. There is also described a process for the production of a compound of formula I using a rhodium catalyst.

Abstract: There is provided a process for the preparation of coumarin derivatives of the formula: ##STR1## (wherein R represents substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R.sup.1 represents alkanoyl, and the hydroxy and R.sup.1 substituents are ortho to one another) in which a hydroxy-substituted coumarin of the formula: ##STR2## is acylated in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. The compounds of formula I are intermediates in the preparation of certain pharmaceutically-active chromones.