Abstract: Described herein is an improved method for the fabrication and use in modifying the physicochemical properties of water, as in strong, high density gradient application. This new approach provides in situ devices capable of inexpensive and effective water modification and treatment. The underlying concept is based upon the use of fine particle super ferromagnets or super paramagnets dispersed in nonmagnetic media. These media can be materials such as brass, cellulose or a wide variety of ceramics. Nonaqueous applications include the removal of impurities from liquid polymer streams. Other applications involve pseudo polymers or fluids exhibiting weak inter- and intra molecular forces.

Abstract: A process for removing oxide contaminants from combustion gas, and employing a solid electrolyte reactor, includes:(a) flowing the combustion gas into a zone containing a solid electrolyte and applying a voltage and at elevated temperature to thereby separate oxygen via the solid electrolyte,(b) removing oxygen from that zone in a first stream and removing hot effluent gas from that zone in a second stream, the effluent gas containing contaminant,(c) and pre-heating the combustion gas flowing to that zone by passing it in heat exchange relation with the hot effluent gas.

Abstract: In combination with a reactor for a coal utilization system, a pressure letdown device for accepting from a reactor, a polyphase fluid at an entrance pressure and an entrance velocity, and discharging the fluid from the device at a discharge pressure substantially lower than the entrance pressure and at a discharge temperature and a discharge velocity substantially equal to the entrance temperature and entrance velocity. The device 10 is characterized by a series of pressure letdown stages 28a through 28x including a plurality of symmetrical baffles, designated 30, disposed in coaxially nested alignment, each baffle having defined therein a plurality of ports or apertures 32 of uniform dimensions.