Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring and monitoring physical properties of a material under test (MUT) from a vehicle, e.g., using complex electromagnetic impedance. Various embodiments include a method including: obtaining displacement data about a position of a sensor array relative to a material under test (MUT); comparing the displacement data with reference displacement data to determine whether the sensor array is at a reference distance relative to the MUT; in response to determining that the sensor array is located at the reference distance, instructing the sensor array to transmit a set of electromagnetic impedance signals into the MUT; obtaining a return electromagnetic impedance signal from the MUT; and calculating at least one physical property of the MUT based upon the transmitted set of electromagnetic impedance signals, the return electromagnetic impedance signals, and the displacement data.

Abstract: Approaches include selecting a desired location for the measurement of electromagnetic spectroscopic impedance data for correlation with a physical property of a material under test (MUT) with electromagnetic impedance tomography. The MUT is first characterized tomographically with a series of four-terminal electrode patterns at a single current frequency. Measured and computed values of electromagnetic impedance for the voxels and sub-voxels of the MUT are determined. The sub-voxel with a targeted value of impedance is selected and matched with the specific four-terminal electrode pattern related to that sub-voxel. The spectrographic electromagnetic impedance measurements are made across a range of frequencies for the selected sub-voxel, using all of the four-terminal electrode patterns required to compute the tomographic impedance value of the selected sub-voxel. The computed spectrographic electromagnetic impedance value for the selected sub-voxel is then correlated to a physical property of the MUT.

Abstract: A method of extracting complex impedance from selected volumes of the material under test (MUT) combined with various embodiments of electrode sensor arrays. Configurations of linear and planar electrode arrays provide measured data of complex impedance of selected volumes, or voxels, of the MUT, which then can be used to extract the impedance of selected sub-volumes or sub-voxels of the MUT through application of circuit theory. The complex impedance characteristics of the sub-voxels may be used to identify variations in the properties of the various sub-voxels of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT using electromagnetic impedance tomography and/or spectroscopy.

Abstract: Methods of extracting complex impedance from selected subsurface volumes of a material under test (MUT) using various embodiments of electrode sensor pairs are provided. The electrode pairs can penetrate into a subsurface of the MUT, and operate below the surface of the MUT. Configurations of electrode pair sensors provide measured data of complex impedance of selected subsurface volumes of the MUT using electromagnetic spectrographic signals over a frequency range. The complex impedance characteristics of the subsurface volumes may be used to identify variations in the properties of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT.

Abstract: Aspects include a system with an adjustable linear electrode array. The system can include a signal generator and a linear electrode array coupled with the signal generator, the linear electrode array configured to non-conductively communicate with a material under test (MUT) having a surface and a subsurface beneath the surface. The linear electrode array can include at least two electrodes including a transmitting electrode and a receiving electrode, the transmitting electrode and the receiving electrode having an initial center-to-center spacing of a distance D. The system can further include a controller for controlling generation of electromagnetic signals at the signal generator and a configuration of the linear electrode array.

Abstract: A method of extracting complex impedance from selected volumes of the material under test (MUT) combined with various embodiments of electrode sensor arrays. Configurations of linear and planar electrode arrays provide measured data of complex impedance of selected volumes, or voxels, of the MUT, which then can be used to extract the impedance of selected sub-volumes or sub-voxels of the MUT through application of circuit theory. The complex impedance characteristics of the sub-voxels may be used to identify variations in the properties of the various sub-voxels of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT using electromagnetic impedance tomography and/or spectroscopy.

Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring and monitoring physical properties of a material under test (MUT) from a vehicle, e.g., using complex electromagnetic impedance. Various embodiments include a method including: obtaining displacement data about a position of a sensor array relative to a material under test (MUT); comparing the displacement data with reference displacement data to determine whether the sensor array is at a reference distance relative to the MUT; in response to determining that the sensor array is located at the reference distance, instructing the sensor array to transmit a set of electromagnetic impedance signals into the MUT; obtaining a return electromagnetic impedance signal from the MUT; and calculating at least one physical property of the MUT based upon the transmitted set of electromagnetic impedance signals, the return electromagnetic impedance signals, and the displacement data.

Abstract: Various embodiments include planar sensor arrays for use in determining characteristics of a material under test (MUT). The planar sensor arrays can include a set of electrodes positioned to enhance a depth and clarity of detection into the material under test. Some embodiments include an electromagnetic sensor array having: a first set of two rectilinear electrodes, positioned opposed to one another across a space; and a second set of two rectilinear electrodes, positioned opposed to one another across the space, the second set being off-set from the first set, wherein the first set and the second set are configured to detect an electromagnetic impedance of the MUT.

Abstract: A method of extracting complex impedance from selected volumes of the material under test (MUT) combined with various embodiments of electrode sensor arrays. Configurations of linear and planar electrode arrays provide measured data of complex impedance of selected volumes, or voxels, of the MUT, which then can be used to extract the impedance of selected sub-volumes or sub-voxels of the MUT through application of circuit theory. The complex impedance characteristics of the sub-voxels may be used to identify variations in the properties of the various sub-voxels of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT using electromagnetic impedance tomography and/or spectroscopy.

Abstract: Approaches include selecting a desired location for the measurement of electromagnetic spectroscopic impedance data for correlation with a physical property of a material under test (MUT) with electromagnetic impedance tomography. The MUT is first characterized tomographically with a series of four-terminal electrode patterns at a single current frequency. Measured and computed values of electromagnetic impedance for the voxels and sub-voxels of the MUT are determined. The sub-voxel with a targeted value of impedance is selected and matched with the specific four-terminal electrode pattern related to that sub-voxel. The spectrographic electromagnetic impedance measurements are made across a range of frequencies for the selected sub-voxel, using all of the four-terminal electrode patterns required to compute the tomographic impedance value of the selected sub-voxel. The computed spectrographic electromagnetic impedance value for the selected sub-voxel is then correlated to a physical property of the MUT.

Abstract: Solutions for non-invasively monitoring blood metabolite levels of a patient are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes: repeatedly measuring a plurality of electromagnetic impedance readings with a sensor array from: an epidermis layer of a patient and one of a dermis layer or a subcutaneous layer of the patient, until a difference between the readings exceeds a threshold; calculating an impedance value representing the difference using an equivalent circuit model and individual adjustment factor data representative of a physiological characteristic of the patient; and determining a blood metabolite level of the patient from the impedance value and a blood metabolite level algorithm, the blood metabolite level algorithm including blood metabolite level data versus electromagnetic impedance data value correspondence of the patient.

Abstract: Methods include: providing instructions to a signal generator to transmit a first set of tomographic signals to a surface and a subsurface beneath the surface; obtaining a first return signal about the surface and the subsurface beneath the surface, the first return signal associated with the first set of tomographic signals; comparing the first return signal with the first set of tomographic signals to determine whether an object is present within the subsurface; providing instructions to the signal generator to transmit a set of spectrographic signals to the surface and subsurface in response to determining the object is present within the subsurface; obtaining a second return signal about the surface and subsurface beneath the surface, the second return signal associated with the set of spectrographic signals; and comparing the second return signal with the set of spectrographic signals to determine a characteristic of the object within the subsurface.

Abstract: Solutions for non-invasively monitoring blood metabolite levels of a patient are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes: repeatedly measuring a plurality of electromagnetic impedance readings with a sensor array from: an epidermis layer of a patient and one of a dermis layer or a subcutaneous layer of the patient, until a difference between the readings exceeds a threshold; calculating an impedance value representing the difference using an equivalent circuit model and individual adjustment factor data representative of a physiological characteristic of the patient; and determining a blood metabolite level of the patient from the impedance value and a blood metabolite level algorithm, the blood metabolite level algorithm including blood metabolite level data versus electromagnetic impedance data value correspondence of the patient.

Abstract: Methods of extracting complex impedance from selected subsurface volumes of a material under test (MUT) using various embodiments of electrode sensor pairs are provided. The electrode pairs can penetrate into a subsurface of the MUT, and operate below the surface of the MUT. Configurations of electrode pair sensors provide measured data of complex impedance of selected subsurface volumes of the MUT using electromagnetic spectrographic signals over a frequency range. The complex impedance characteristics of the subsurface volumes may be used to identify variations in the properties of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT.

Abstract: Various embodiments include planar sensor arrays for use in determining characteristics of a material under test (MUT). The planar sensor arrays can include a set of electrodes positioned to enhance a depth and clarity of detection into the material under test. Some embodiments include an electromagnetic sensor array having: a first set of two rectilinear electrodes, positioned opposed to one another across a space; and a second set of two rectilinear electrodes, positioned opposed to one another across the space, the second set being off-set from the first set, wherein the first set and the second set are configured to detect an electromagnetic impedance of the MUT.

Abstract: A method of extracting complex impedance from selected volumes of the material under test (MUT) combined with various embodiments of electrode sensor arrays. Configurations of linear and planar electrode arrays provide measured data of complex impedance of selected volumes, or voxels, of the MUT, which then can be used to extract the impedance of selected sub-volumes or sub-voxels of the MUT through application of circuit theory. The complex impedance characteristics of the sub-voxels may be used to identify variations in the properties of the various sub-voxels of the MUT, or be correlated to physical properties of the MUT using electromagnetic impedance tomography and/or spectroscopy.

Abstract: Solutions for non-invasively monitoring blood metabolite levels of a patient are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes: repeatedly measuring a plurality of electromagnetic impedance readings with a sensor array from: an epidermis layer of a patient and one of a dermis layer or a subcutaneous layer of the patient, until a difference between the readings exceeds a threshold; calculating an impedance value representing the difference using an equivalent circuit model and individual adjustment factor data representative of a physiological characteristic of the patient; and determining a blood metabolite level of the patient from the impedance value and a blood metabolite level algorithm, the blood metabolite level algorithm including blood metabolite level data versus electromagnetic impedance data value correspondence of the patient.