Abstract: An improved electrode for an electrolytic reduction cell is disclosed which comprises a nonmetallic electrode having a top surface, a central bore in the top surface, a central metal current source comprising a metal shaft or rod in the central bore, and side bores extending from the central bore toward the sides of the electrode having metallic portions therein to provide lateral current distribution from the central current source. In a preferred embodiment, the side bores are filled with metal in situ by pouring molten metal such as cast iron into the central bore to lock the central shaft in place wherein the molten metal will flow, during such filling, into the side bores to provide intimate contact with the sidewalls of side bores to provide improved lateral current distribution from the central current source across said electrode.

Abstract: A thermocouple assembly having a thermocouple encased in a tube having an outer carbon permeable layer and an inner carbon reactive layer. The assembly provides extended life for thermocouples used in a carbonaceous environment such as in the carbon liner of a furnace or in carbon bodies during baking thereof.