Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide and a sulfone. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide and a sulfone. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A novel alkylation catalyst is described which is used in processes for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons to produce high octane alkylate products suitable for use as a blending component of gasoline motor fuel. The novel catalyst comprises a mixture of a hydrogen halide and a sulfone. The novel alkylation catalyst is utilized in a novel process for alkylating olefin hydrocarbons with isoparaffin hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for the disproportionation of olefins comprising contacting said olefins under suitable reaction conditions with a neutral-carbene complex catalyst and then using anhydrous ammonia to effect separation of the catalyst and the organic products.

Abstract: There is disclosed disposal of effluent from a low cell density fermentation process by using such effluent as at least a portion of the feed material to a high cell density fermentation process. A stream containing microbial cells from the high cell density fermentation process is subjected to direct drying.

Abstract: The separation of a first cellular product comprising relatively small cells from a first liquid by centrifugal separation is facilitated by addition to the first liquid of a second cellular material comprising relatively larger cells.

Abstract: Carbon black having a low tint residue is produced by periodically varying operating conditions in a carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A centrifugal pump adapted for use in a fermentor is provided. The fermentor includes an outer vessel which has mounted therein a generally centrally located draft tube. A centrifugal pump is mounted adjacent to one end of the draft tube and is operably connected to a motor for rotation thereby. The centrifugal pump includes a plurality of vanes radiating outwardly from a region adjacent the center of rotation and cover members positioned on opposite sides of the vanes. The vanes and the cover members cooperate and define flow paths through which medium can be induced to flow due to the centrifugal forces created during rotation of the vanes. The vanes have a distance between respective side boundaries thereof which is less at a position inwardly of the outer disposed end of the vanes than at the outer disposed ends of the vanes.

Abstract: A centrifugal pump adapted for use in a fermenter is provided. The fermenter includes an outer vessel which has mounted therein a generally centrally located draft tube. A centrifugal pump is mounted adjacent to one end of the draft tube and is operably connected to a motor for rotation thereby. The centrifugal pump includes a plurality of vanes radiating outwardly from a region adjacent the center of rotation and cover members positions on opposite sides of the vanes. The vanes and cover members cooperate and define flow paths through which medium can be induced to flow due to the centrifugal forces created during rotation of the vanes. The vanes have a distance between respective side boundaries thereof which is less at a position inwardly of the outer disposed end of the vanes than at the outer disposed ends of the vanes.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a carbon black with a tint residual below -6. The method entails introducing feedstock axially and generating a hot combustion gas vortex in a cylindrical precombustion section of a tubular carbon black reactor, producing a first mixture of feedstock and combustion gases, passing the mixture through an abruptly restricted passage axially connected to the precombustion section, abruptly expanding the first mixture into a frustoconical venturi converging section of the reactor with mixing of this first mixture with an additional flow of combustion gas at the exit of the converging section with the combustion gas entering the converging section in opposite, radial flow thereby forming a second mixture which is admitted into a reaction section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor with axial hydrocarbon feed and having an axial zone with triangular cross-section, a wider vortex section for generation of a combustion gas vortex, a reaction section and having essentially tubular shape is useful for the production of high tint and high structure carbon black. In a process for the production of carbon black, hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced into the reactor and contacted with a vortex of hot combustion gases.

Abstract: A burner apparatus comprising in axial alignment a cylindrical first section connected through a restrictive opening to a frustoconical second section having its largest diameter at the downstream end and an axial outlet opening at the downstream end. Tangential combustion supporting gas inlets aligned in the same rotational direction are located in the cylindrical section and at the downstream end of the frustoconical section. The outlet opening in the frustoconical second section is of greater diameter than the restrictive opening between the sections and is of lesser diameter than the upstream end of the frustoconical second section so that a stable flame is produced in the second section, there is an inflow of external gas through the outlet opening, and a flow of combustion supporting gas in an upstream direction along the wall of the second section. A method for burning fuel in combustion supporting gas, particularly adapted to produce carbon black, is also provided.

Abstract: In a mixing device adapted to mix materials flowing therethrough from an inlet end to an outlet end in which there are provided agitating elements as on a rotating shaft, there is provided an internal recycling means to impel a portion of the material, flowing from the inlet end toward the outlet end, countercurrently to the main flow, i.e., toward the inlet end to effect an in situ recycle. There is disclosed a pelleting apparatus having a horizontally-disposed substantially cylindrical shell, a rotating, pin-equipped shaft, inlet and outlet means for feeding material to be pelleted and pelleting liquid into and through the device, the shaft having mounted thereon, at least over a length thereof, at least one reverse-flight or blade adapted to cause motion toward the inlet end of the device of a portion of the mass being pelleted.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for producing a carbon black with a tint residual below -6. The apparatus entail introducing feedstock axially and generating a hot combustion gas vortex in a cylindrical precombustion section of a tubular carbon black reactor, producing a first mixture of feedstock and combustion gases, passing this mixture through an abruptly restricted passage axially connected to the precombustion section, abruptly expanding the first mixture into a frustoconical venturi converging section of the reactor with mixing of this first mixture with an additional flow of combustion gas at the exit of the converging section with the combustion gas entering the converging section in opposite, radial flow thereby forming a second mixture which is admitted into a reaction section of the carbon black reactor.

Abstract: In a mixing device adapted to mix materials flowing therethrough from an inlet end to an outlet end in which there are provided agitating elements as on a rotating shaft, there is provided an internal recycling means to impel at least a portion of the material flowing from the inlet end toward the outlet end countercurrently to the main flow, i.e. toward the inlet end to effect an in situ recycle. There is disclosed a pelleting apparatus having a horizontally-disposed substantially cyclindrical shell, a rotating, pin-equipped shaft, inlet and outlet means for feeding material to be pelleted and pelleting liquid into and through the device, the shaft having mounted thereon, at least over a length thereof, at least one reverse-flight or blade adapted to cause motion toward the inlet end of the device of at least a portion of the mass being pelleted.

Abstract: Carbon black is pelleted by combining loose carbon black with an aqueous pelleting liquid and agitating the mixture. Additional loose carbon black is added in a series of increments, followed by additional aqueous pelleting liquid containing an additive such as ammonium lignin sulfonate. The process produces layered pellets having a hardened outer shell. In another embodiment, an oil is added following the incremental addition of the loose carbon black in order to produce pellets which have a dust-free surface.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor with axial hydrocarbon feed and having an axial zone with triangular cross-section, a wider vortex section for generation of a combustion gas vortex, a reaction section and having essentially tubular shape is useful for the production of high tint and high structure carbon black. In a process for the production of carbon black, hydrocarbon feed is axially introduced into the reactor and contacted with a vortex of hot combustion gases.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing carbon black in which a first reactant mass is formed and thoroughly mixed and passed axially through the reactor, a second mass of hot combustion gases being passed helically to the axially flowing mass.

Abstract: By freezing wet carbon black pellets, clusters of such pellets can be easily broken apart and the frozen pellets can be submitted to a strong screening action without undue production of carbon black fines which would cause a reduction in process efficiency.

Abstract: New combustors, and methods of operating same, which produce lower emissions, particularly lower emissions of nitrogen oxides and CO, are provided. A first stream of air is introduced, either radially or axially, to a first combustion region of the combustor. A second stream of air is introduced tangentially into said first combustion region. A third stream of air is introduced tangentially into a second combustion region of the combustor. The amount of said first stream of air admitted to the first combustion region is varied in accordance with the fuel flow to said first combustion region.