Abstract: Membranes and filtration modules for producing a concentrated feed stream and a diluted feed stream during operation in a water purification or wastewater treatment system. Filtration modules are provided that include a semipermeable membrane having a first side and a second side, the first side configured to receive a first feed solution stream from a first feed solution source and the second side configured to receive a second feed solution stream from a second feed solution source. The semipermeable membrane may be configured to operate at a hydrostatic pressure on the second side of the membrane from about 1% to about 40% of the hydrostatic pressure on the first side of the membrane, and may in some cases exhibit a salt rejection of from about 60 percent to about 90 percent during operation.

Abstract: Membranes and filtration modules for producing a concentrated feed stream and a diluted feed stream during operation in a water purification or wastewater treatment system. Filtration modules are provided that include a semipermeable membrane having a first side and a second side, the first side configured to receive a first feed solution stream from a first feed solution source and the second side configured to receive a second feed solution stream from a second feed solution source. The semipermeable membrane may be configured to operate at a hydrostatic pressure on the second side of the membrane from about 1% to about 40% of the hydrostatic pressure on the first side of the membrane, and may in some cases exhibit a salt rejection of from about 60 percent to about 90 percent during operation.

Abstract: Draw compounds and draw solutions comprising said draw compounds for use in forward osmosis solvent purification systems. The draw compound may be a linear random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer and have a temperature-dependent affinity with a feed solvent. The draw compound may further include a first terminal group and a second terminal group, at least one of the first terminal group and the second terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amine group, a carboxylic group, an allyl group, and a C1 to C14 substituted and unsubstituted alkyl group. The draw compound may also be a branched random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer.

Abstract: A draw solute for the forward osmosis membrane process comprises a random copolymer obtainable by random addition of a monomer containing ethylene oxide and butylene oxide to a compound having one or more hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: Polymeric tube-in-shell heat exchangers with twisted tubes are provided. The heat exchanger may include one or more polymeric tube bundles, wherein each of the one or more polymeric tube bundles includes at least one tube twisted about its length or at least one pair of tubes twisted or wound around each other. The presently disclosed polymeric tube-in-shell heat exchangers with twisted tubes may be especially suited for applications where the use of polymer tubes offers advantages, such as in the case of acid solutions, food and beverage fluids, and carbon capture applications where the use of metal heat exchangers destroy the amines used for capture.

Abstract: Draw compounds and draw solutions comprising said draw compounds for use in forward osmosis solvent purification systems. The draw compound may be a linear random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer and have a temperature-dependent affinity with a feed solvent. The draw compound may further include a first terminal group and a second terminal group, at least one of the first terminal group and the second terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amine group, a carboxylic group, an allyl group, and a C1 to C14 substituted and unsubstituted alky group. The draw compound may also be a branched random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer.

Abstract: Forward osmosis membrane vessels, and particularly stackable forward osmosis membrane vessels, are provided as well as systems and methods thereof. The forward osmosis membrane vessel has a body, a strong draw solution chamber, a first and a second semipermeable membrane, and a brine chamber. The first and second semipermeable membranes each are disposed within the cavity of the body. The first and second semipermeable membranes are configured to produce diluted draw solution streams and brine streams. The brine chamber is disposed at least partially between the first semipermeable membrane and the second semipermeable membrane. The forward osmosis membrane vessel may be configured such that in a stacked configuration the brine chamber and the strong draw solution chamber of the forward osmosis membrane vessel aligns with a brine chamber and a strong draw solution chamber of an adjacent second forward osmosis membrane vessel.

Abstract: Devices, methods, and systems for producing a concentrated feed stream and a diluted feed stream using a solute stream provided to the low pressure side of the semi-permeable membrane during a reverse osmosis process. The process includes providing a semipermeable membrane having a first side and a second side and introducing a first feed solution stream on the first side of the membrane and a second feed solution stream on the second side, wherein the osmotic pressure of the of the first feed solution stream is greater than or equal to the osmotic pressure of the second feed solution stream. The process further includes exerting hydrostatic pressure on the first side of the membrane such that solvent passes from the first side to the second side thereby producing a concentrated first feed solution stream and a diluted second feed solution stream. Devices and systems for performing the processes are provided.

Abstract: Membranes and filtration modules for producing a concentrated feed stream and a diluted feed stream during operation in a water purification or wastewater treatment system. Filtration modules are provided that include a semipermeable membrane having a first side and a second side, the first side configured to receive a first feed solution stream from a first feed solution source and the second side configured to receive a second feed solution stream from a second feed solution source. The semipermeable membrane may be configured to operate at a hydrostatic pressure on the second side of the membrane from about 1% to about 40% of the hydrostatic pressure on the first side of the membrane, and may in some cases exhibit a salt rejection of from about 60 percent to about 90 percent during operation.

Abstract: Draw compounds and draw solutions comprising said draw compounds for use in forward osmosis solvent purification systems. The draw compound may be a linear random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer and have a temperature-dependent affinity with a feed solvent. The draw compound may further include a first terminal group and a second terminal group, at least one of the first terminal group and the second terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amine group, a carboxylic group, an allyl group, and a C1 to C14 substituted and unsubstituted alky group. The draw compound may also be a branched random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer.

Abstract: Devices, methods, and systems for producing a concentrated feed stream and a diluted feed stream using a solute stream provided to the low pressure side of the semi-permeable membrane during a reverse osmosis process. The process includes providing a semipermeable membrane having a first side and a second side and introducing a first feed solution stream on the first side of the membrane and a second feed solution stream on the second side, wherein the osmotic pressure of the of the first feed solution stream is greater than or equal to the osmotic pressure of the second feed solution stream. The process further includes exerting hydrostatic pressure on the first side of the membrane such that solvent passes from the first side to the second side thereby producing a concentrated first feed solution stream and a diluted second feed solution stream. Devices and systems for performing the processes are provided.