Abstract: A method of extracting a compound specifically bound by a ligand from a crude solution containing the compound is disclosed. The method comprises providing a multiplicity of liposomes having the ligand bound to the surface thereof, and mixing the liposomes with the crude solution so that the ligand binds to the compound to be extracted. The liposomes are then separated from the crude solution and the compound to be extracted recovered from the liposomes.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of sodium hydroxide in a sustained manner, tolerant of upsets in sodium hydroxide concentration, by electrolysis of sodium chloride at about 70.degree.-110.degree. C. in an electrolysis cell separated into a cathode compartment and an anode compartment by a cation exchange membrane, wherein the membrane is made of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with a perfluoro monomer Z having a defined structure and a carboxyl end group, the mole ratio of tetrafluoroethylene to the monomer Z in the copolymer being about 7.6 to 8.2, the membrane material on the side exposed to the catholyte being nonporous but having a porous catholyte diffusion layer in direct contact therewith or in close proximity thereof. The sodium chloride feed solution is about equal to the concentration of saturated brine at the operating temperature, and the concentration of sodium chloride solution leaving the anode compartment is about 18-24%, no water being added to the catholyte during steady state operation.