Abstract: A fluid sensor for sensing a concentration or composition of a fluid, the sensor comprising a first temperature sensing element located on or within a first dielectric membrane and a second temperature sensing element located on or within a second dielectric membrane. An output circuit is configured to measure a differential signal between the first temperature sensing element and the second temperature sensing element. The fluid sensor comprises a first region configured to be exposed to the fluid, and a second region configured to be isolated from the fluid, where the first dielectric membrane is located in the first region, such that in use, the first dielectric membrane is exposed to the fluid, and wherein the second dielectric membrane is located in the second region such that in use, the second dielectric membrane is isolated from the fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a reactor having a reaction zone and a conductive susceptor positioned in the reaction zone. The method includes the steps of transporting a gas mixture having an aerosolized catalyst, a feedstock and a carrier gas into the reaction zone of the reactor, inductively heating the reaction zone, and regulating a flow rate of the gas mixture to allow the catalyst to spend a sufficient amount of time in the reaction zone for the growth of nanostructures.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a reactor having a reaction zone and a conductive susceptor positioned in the reaction zone. The method includes the steps of transporting a gas mixture having an aerosolized catalyst, a feedstock and a carrier gas into the reaction zone of the reactor, inductively heating the reaction zone, and regulating a flow rate of the gas mixture to allow the catalyst to spend a sufficient amount of time in the reaction zone for the growth of nanostructures.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a reactor having a reaction zone and a conductive susceptor positioned in the reaction zone. The method includes the steps of transporting a gas mixture having an aerosolized catalyst, a feedstock and a carrier gas into the reaction zone of the reactor, inductively heating the reaction zone, and regulating a flow rate of the gas mixture to allow the catalyst to spend a sufficient amount of time in the reaction zone for the growth of nanostructures.

Abstract: An apparatus for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a heating device that defines a reaction zone therein and a susceptor made of a ferromagnetic material with a Curie temperature and placed in the reaction zone, where the Curie temperature substantially corresponds to a temperature at which the growth of desired nanostructures occurs and the heating device is capable of heating the susceptor substantially at the Curie temperature.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a reactor having a reaction zone and a conductive susceptor positioned in the reaction zone. The method includes the steps of transporting a gas mixture having an aerosolized catalyst, a feedstock and a carrier gas into the reaction zone of the reactor, inductively heating the reaction zone, and regulating a flow rate of the gas mixture to allow the catalyst to spend a sufficient amount of time in the reaction zone for the growth of nanostructures.

Abstract: An apparatus for synthesizing nanostructures. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a heating device that defines a reaction zone therein and a susceptor made of a ferromagnetic material with a Curie temperature and placed in the reaction zone, where the Curie temperature substantially corresponds to a temperature at which the growth of desired nanostructures occurs and the heating device is capable of heating the susceptor substantially at the Curie temperature.

Abstract: A communication system and method transmits electronic mail among multiple users that are senders or recipients of the mail, or both. The system and method use and augment the Internet with a postal server and software linked to the Internet. The sender and recipient have terminals also linked to the Internet. The sender uses postal sender software to select transmission with certain premium services. The system and method include payment and accounting functions for use of the premium services. The system and method can operate with plural postal servers at one or more locations. Communications can utilize the postal server and software only for processing data about the message and/or its transmission. Communications among the Sender, Recipient, and postal server can create virtual intranet-like qualities. Transmitted electronic mail uses message data to identify the Sender, authenticate and verify the email, and direct its processing.