Abstract: Example heat exchange pads are described herein. A heat exchange pad can include an input compartment, an output compartment arranged in fluid connection with the input compartment, and an internal member disposed between the input and output compartments. The internal member can include an array of holes formed therein. Additionally, the internal member can be configured to produce impinging flow convection heat transfer in proximity to a heat exchange surface of the output compartment.

Abstract: A multi-well manifold assembly and method for reducing cross-contamination in continuous synthesis reactions in channels of microfluidic devices, for example oligonucleotide synthesis.