Abstract: Provided is a cocurrent loop thermosyphon system and method for operation thereof. The system includes a first rising tube having first and second ends; a condenser having first and second ends, with the first end connected to the second end of the first rising tube; a return tube having a first end connected to the second end of the condenser; a second rising tube having a first end connected to a second end of the return tube; a pump that pumps liquid within the second rising tube; and an evaporator having a first end connected to the second end of the second rising tube. The second end of the evaporator outputs vapor created by a change in state of the liquid to the first end of the first rising tube.

Abstract: The present invention provides a meter retrofit and method for use thereof, utilizing a transducer with an encoder driven by a rotating shaft of a meter reading dial, the transducer including a plurality of encoder contacts surrounding a rotation axis, with each encoder contact connected to a magnetic switch. A wiper connects to the shaft and rotates around the rotation axis, sequentially contacting the plurality of encoder contacts, providing a variable signal to a monitoring device.

Abstract: The present invention provides a meter retrofit and method for use thereof, utilizing a transducer with an encoder driven by a rotating shaft of a meter reading dial, the transducer including a plurality of encoder contacts surrounding a rotation axis, with each encoder contact connected to a magnetic switch. A wiper connects to the shaft and rotates around the rotation axis, sequentially contacting the plurality of encoder contacts, providing a variable signal to a monitoring device.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for precision optical measurement of solute concentration and temperature of a transparent liquid. The apparatus includes a vessel (12) which contains a sample of liquid (14), the refractive index of which is to be determined, a light source (22) and a beam position sensor (30). The vessel (12) has an entrance side and an exit side, with a known angular relationship therebetween, and is situated in a known ambient The light source (22) is located so as to cause a beam of light to impinge on the entrance side at an angle with respect to a normal to an outer surface of the entrance side, to pass through the liquid (14), and to then pass through the exit side, from which it exits at an angle with respect to a normal to an outer surface of the exit side. The beam position sensor (30) provides data for determining the exit angle thereby permitting the refractive index of the liquid to be determined, based on the angles.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for temperature and concentration measurement at liquid surfaces using reflectance. The apparatus includes a light source which produces a measurement light beam, and also includes a detector. The measurement light beam has a measurement light beam intensity and impinges on the surface of the liquid specimen. It reflects back as a reflected light beam with a reflected light beam intensity which is related to the reflectivity R of the liquid surface and to the measurement light beam intensity. The detector receives the reflected light beam and determines the reflected light beam intensity. Either the temperature or concentration of the liquid specimen can then be determined based on the reflected light beam intensity. The light source can be a coherent light source, such as a laser. A beam splitter can be provided to split the light beam from the light source into a reference light beam and the measurement light beam.