Abstract: Systems and methods to manage outdated and stale URLs in a computing system are presented. The systems and methods obey the intent of a user navigating a dynamic Web site from non-current Web pages while avoiding state-changing side effects. That is, in responding to a link on previously viewed Web pages, the system performs a navigational operation associated with the link, and ignores and does not perform complementary, state-changing, operations that no longer apply due to the stale Web page's out-of-date state.

Abstract: A method and system for presenting an electronic course to a user is disclosed. The method and system include receiving question data and at least one question format for the question data from a content author. The method and system further include storing the question data separately from the question format data. In a further embodiment of the present invention, at least one view script is provided for presenting the course to different types of client devices that require different display formats. The view script displays the question data in the specified question format and in the display format required by the type of client device accessing the course. In yet a further embodiment, the method and system include receiving a user's answer to the question from one of the client devices, processing the user's answer, and providing feedback to the user via the client device based on a user's answer.

Abstract: Systems and methods to, for example, allow a series of HTTP request/response transactions to be used to emulate a more fully bi-directional communications channel between a client and a server in a communications network are presented. The client and the server create software objects that can represent both direct connections or connections via intermediary servers such as proxy servers or relay servers, hide the underlying limitations of the transport from the application using it, and in so doing, simplify the programming interface for an application programmer.